Transient high temperatures during seed growth in narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) I. High temperatures reduce seed weight

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Reader ◽  
M. Dracup ◽  
C. A. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Yield Variability ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Hot Days ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Last Stage

Highly variable yields are a weakness of narrow-leafed lupins. Yield variability could be caused by many factors, including hot days during seed filling. This paper investigates the effects of 2 hot days at various stages of seed filling in L. angustifoliusL. cv. Merrit. Exposing adequately watered plants to a total of 6 h at 34, 36, or 38˚C, compared with 20˚C, over 2 consecutive days reduced weight per seed by 4, 8, or 12% at maturity, respectively. The 38˚C treatment, applied when seeds averaged 4% of their final weight, also caused significant seed abortion. High temperatures reduced weight per seed at all stages of seed growth, except when seeds were <5-12 mg dry weight (3 and 6% of final seed dry weight, Expts 1 and 2, respectively). The reductions in weight per seed were not associated with reduced assimilate supply because: (a) neither photosynthesis nor leaf longevity were reduced by heat treatment; (b) competing inflorescences and branches were not allowed to develop; (c) the plants produced very large seeds for this cultivar (174-190 mg); and (d) leaves remained green well after the pods had matured. Seed N concentration decreased and fat concentration increased by small, although statistically significant, amounts in response to heat treatment at the last stage of seed development tested (57% of final weight per seed when treated) but not at earlier stages. This study indicates that hot days with pod temperatures as low as 34-36˚C during seed development can cause reductions in weight per seed, and hence yields, in narrow-leafed lupin crops.

Leek (Allium porrum L.) seed development and germination

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Gray ◽  
J. R. A. Steckel ◽  
L. J. Hands
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Allium Porrum ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Seed Growth

AbstractThe effects of development of leek seeds at 20/10°, 25/15° and 30/20°C (day/night) and drying of seed harvested at different developmental stages on subsequent performance were examined in each of 3 years. An increase in temperature from 20/10° to 30/20°C reduced mean seed weight from 2.90 to 2.55 mg as a result of a reduction in the duration of seed growth from 80 to 55 days; seed growth rate was unaffected. Seed moisture content reached a minimum, up to 35 days after the attainment of maximum seed dry weight and 115, 90 and 70 days after anthesis at 20/10°, 25/15° and 30/20°C, respectively. The curves relating seed moisture to time for each temperature regime were mapped onto a single line accounting for >90% of the variation in moisture content, using accumulated day-degrees >6°C instead of chronological time. Seeds were capable of germinating when seed moisture contents were >60% (fresh weight basis), but maximum viability and minimum mean time to germination were not attained until seed moisture contents at harvest had fallen to 20–30%. Germination was little affected by temperature of seed development. Drying immature seeds increased percentage germination. Growing seeds at 30/20°C and drying at 35°C and 30% RH raised the upper temperature limit of germination compared with growing at 20/10°C and drying at 15°C and 30% RH.

Changes in seed quality during seed development and maturation in tomato

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Demir ◽  
R. H. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Seed Moisture

AbstractChanges in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) seed quality were monitored during seed development and maturation in glasshouse experiments in 2 years. The end of the seedfilling period (mass maturity) occurred 35–41 d after anthesis (differing among trusses) in 1989 and 42 d after anthesis in 1990. Seed moisture contents at this developmental stage were 53–72% (wet basis), while the onset of ability to germinate (during 21-d tests at 20°/30°C) and the onset of tolerance to rapid enforced desiccation occurred just before (1990) or just after (1989) mass maturity. In 1989, seed quality was assessed primarily by seedling size in a glasshouse experiment; maximum mean seedling dry weight 25 d after sowing was not achieved until 24–40 d after mass maturity. In 1990, seed quality was assessed primarily by germination following storage; maximum normal germination after 35 d in storage at 40 °C with 14 ± 0.5% moisture content was attained 23 d after mass maturity, but with little difference among seed lots harvested 10 d earlier or up to 30 d later. The results contradict the hypothesis that maximum seed quality is attained at the end of the seed-filling period and that seed viability and vigour begin to decline immediately thereafter.

scholarly journals Soybean (Glycine max) seed growth characteristics in response to light enrichment and shading

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 178-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Liu ◽  
S.J. Herbert ◽  
K. Baath ◽  
A.M. Hashemi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Glycine Max ◽  
Seed Size ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Light Reduction ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Cotyledon Cell

Seeds are the primary sinks for photosynthates during reproductive growth. Variation in light intercepted during and after seed initiation has been found a major environmental determinant of soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merrill] seed size. We investigated the influence of light enrichment and shading on seed growth rate, effective filling, cotyledon cell number, cell volume and endogenousABA concentrations of cotyledons/testas during seed filling of soybean. Evans, an indeterminate Group 0 soybean, was subjected to light reduction and enrichment treatments from the beginning of pod formation until final harvest for two years inMassachusetts. Higher rates of seed growth, greater seed dry weight, and higher cotyledon cell number were all observed with light enrichment. There was a&nbsp;reduction in seed growth rate and cotyledon cell number, along with a significant lowering of endogenousABA levels in testa and cotyledon with shade. The level ofABAin cotyledon during seed development was significantly correlated with seed growth rates only under shade treatments. Both the growth rates and seed filling duration were influenced by variation in light interception by the soybean canopy. The effects of varying light treatment on seed size, within one genotype, were most likely due to the differences in seed growth rate and cotyledon cell number.

Changes in potential seed longevity and seedling growth during seed development and maturation in marrow

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Demir ◽  
R. H. Ellis
Keyword(s):  
Seed Development ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Seed Longevity ◽  
General Hypothesis ◽  
Seed Filling ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Filling Phase

AbstractMarrow (Cucurbita pepo L.) seed quality was monitored during seed development and maturation in 2 years. Mass maturity (end of the seed-filling phase) was attained 61–63 d and 54 d after anthesis in 1989 and 1990, respectively, when seed moisture contents had declined to 40–48% (wet basis). Considerable dormancy was encountered during standard germination tests, but was overcome by decoating the seeds. The ability of dried, decoated seeds to germinate normally in standard tests reached near maximal values shortly after mass maturity; these values were more or less maintained in seeds from subsequent harvests. Maximum seed longevity in air-dry storage was detected in seeds harvested 24 d (1989) and 26–31 d (1990) after mass maturity. Seedling dry weights 15 d after sowing were greatest for seeds harvested 2–22 d (basal fruits) or 14 d (apical fruits) after mass maturity in 1989, and were positively correlated (P<0.01) with times from seedling emergence to seedling harvest. Consequently in the subsequent year the hypothesis that these differences in seedling dry weight were solely due to differences in times from sowing to emergence was tested (and confirmed). Seedling relative growth rates did not differ with seed harvest date (P>0.25) in 1990, but absolute seedling size did (P<0.005); seeds harvested 21–31 d after mass maturity had the greatest seedling weight and also growth rate (in absolute terms) at any one time after sowing. Decline in seed quality (when assessed by both potential seed longevity and seedling growth) was not detected until the final harvest interval in 1990 (85–90 d after anthesis, 31–36 d after mass maturity). These results for marrow contradict both aspects of the general hypothesis that seed quality is maximal at the end of the seed-filling phase and that viability and vigour begin to decline thereafter.

The Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Car Interior Fabric Used for Injection Molding

2012 ◽  
Vol 532-533 ◽  
pp. 234-237
Author(s):  
Wei Lai Chen ◽  
Ding Hong Yi ◽  
Jian Fu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Injection Molding ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Material Properties ◽  
Injection Molding Process ◽  
Molding Process ◽  
Composite Fabrics

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of high temperature in injection molding process on mechanical properties of the warp-knitted and nonwoven composite fabrics (WNC)used in car interior. Tensile, tearing and peeling properties of WNC fabrics were tested after heat treatment under120, 140,160,180°C respectively. It was found that, after 140°C heat treatment, the breaking and tearing value of these WNC fabrics are lower than others. The results of this study show that this phenomenon is due to the material properties of fabrics. These high temperatures have no much effect on peeling properties of these WNC fabrics. It is concluded that in order to preserve the mechanical properties of these WNC fabrics, the temperature near 140°C should be avoided possibly during injection molding process.

MODERN TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF MAKING SAUSAGE PRODUCTS WITH SMOKING WITH WET SMOKE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

2020 ◽  
pp. 221-228
Author(s):  
O. Germanovich
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Technological Process ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Quality And Safety

The features of the modern technological process of making smoked sausage products are studied. In industrial conditions was carried out the adjustment of optimum modes of heat treatment of raw smoked sausages with Smoking with wet smoke at high temperatures was carried out. Studies of quality and safety indicators of manufactured samples were conducted. On the basis of the conducted research, a standard technological instruction is being developed for the production of raw smoked sausage products according to the technical conditions.

Influence of Temperature and Water Activity on Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus flavus in Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seeds and Meal

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 1040-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. KOEHLER ◽  
L. R. BEUCHAT ◽  
M. S. CHHINNAN
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Vigna Unguiculata ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Influence Of Temperature

Experiments were done to determine the influence of temperature (21, 30 and 37°C) and aw (0.76 to 0.98) on aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds, meal and meal supplemented with onion. Larger quantities of aflatoxin were produced at 21 and 30°C than at 37°C. The highest amount of aflatoxin (2777 μg/20 g, dry weight basis) was observed in meal containing onion at aw 0.98 after 20 d of incubation at 21°C. A level of 870 |μg/20 g was detected in seeds at aw 0.95 after 14 d of incubation at 30°C. Meal at aw 0.96 supported production of 551 μg of aflatoxin per 20 g after 20 d at 30° C. Temperature had little influence on the optimal aw for aflatoxin production in cowpea meal. However, an increase in temperature resulted in a decreased optimal aw for aflatoxin production on whole cowpeas. When known quantities of aflatoxin were added to cowpea meal which was subsequently steamed for 5 min, only 29% was extractable using a variety of procedures, indicating that the toxin may be bound in some manner to cowpea constituents as a result of heat treatment.

Seed development in Malva parviflora: onset of germinability, dormancy and desiccation tolerance

2007 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pippa J. Michael ◽  
Kathryn J. Steadman ◽  
Julie A. Plummer
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Desiccation Tolerance ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Physical Dormancy ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Physiological Dormancy ◽  
Malva Parviflora

Seed development was examined in Malva parviflora. The first flower opened 51 days after germination; flowers were tagged on the day that they opened and monitored for 33 days. Seeds were collected at 12 stages during this period and used to determine moisture content, germination of fresh seeds and desiccation tolerance (seeds dried to 10% moisture content followed by germination testing). Seed moisture content decreased as seeds developed, whereas fresh (max. 296 mg) and dry weight (max. 212 mg) increased to peak at 12–15 and ~21 days after flowering (DAF), respectively. Therefore, physiological maturity occurred at 21 DAF, when seed moisture content was 16–21%. Seeds were capable of germinating early in development, reaching a maximum of 63% at 9 DAF, but germination declined as development continued, presumably due to the imposition of physiological dormancy. Physical dormancy developed at or after physiological maturity, once seed moisture content declined below 20%. Seeds were able to tolerate desiccation from 18 DAF; desiccation hastened development of physical dormancy and improved germination. These results provide important information regarding M. parviflora seed development, which will ultimately improve weed control techniques aimed at preventing seed set and further additions to the seed bank.

LIPID AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN DEVELOPING RAPESEED, BRASSICA NAPUS

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. FOWLER ◽  
R. K. DOWNEY
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Erucic Acid ◽  
Seed Development ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation

Self-pollinated seed from normal and erucic acid free plants of summer rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) was harvested at weekly intervals from pollination to maturity. Oven-dried whole seeds and their component parts were weighed and analyzed for oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil and dry matter accumulation followed sigmoidal patterns, most of the deposition occurring between 14 and 35 days after pollination (DAP). The relative contribution of the testa, endosperm and embryo to dry weight and oil content of whole seeds changed significantly during seed development. Oil content of the developing embryo varied from 22 to 44%, and the testa from 1.6 to 13%, although at maturity only 6 to 8% oil was found in the testa and adhering aleurone. The nucleate endosperm oil content was estimated to be low and in the order of 2 to 2.5%. In 7- to 14-day-old seeds the dry weight, oil content and fatty acid composition were largely determined by the testa and endosperm. From 14 to 21 DAP the testa and embryo were dominant and after 21 DAP the embryo was the controlling influence on the seed characteristics studied.Oils of the testa, nucleate endosperm and embryo differed in fatty acid composition. In seeds free of erucic acid, the ratios of the 18 carbon fatty acids of the embryo and testa remained nearly constant from 21 DAP to maturity. This suggested that the variation in fatty acid composition as well as oil content during seed development in this material was due to disproportionate changes in the contribution of the testa, nucleate endosperm and embryo. However, in developing seeds capable of producing erucic acid a change in the ratio of fatty acid synthesis occurred in both the testa and embryo.

scholarly journals Effect of soil interacting herbicides on soybean nodulation in Balcarce, Argentina

1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 1167-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norma Gonzalez ◽  
Juan Jose Eyherabide ◽  
Maria Ignacia Barcelonna ◽  
Alfredo Gaspari ◽  
Silvina Sanmartino
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Buenos Aires Province ◽  
N Accumulation ◽  
Nodule Number ◽  
Seed Growth ◽  
Chlorimuron Ethyl

Two trials were performed in Balcarce, Argentina (37° 45' LS; 58° 18' LW) during 1993-94, to assess the effect of eight herbicides applied individually or in tank mixtures, on nodule number, nodule dry weight, seed yield and N percent in seed in soybean Asgrow 3205, inoculated with Bradyrhizobium japonicum CB 1809. Individual herbicides and doses in kg ha-1 of a.i. were metribuzin (0.48), acetochlor (0.90), metolachlor (1), flumioxazin (0.075), trifluralin (0.96), imazaquin (0.20), imazethapyr (0.10) and chlorimuron ethyl (0.0125). The mixtures were metribuzin+acetochlor (0.48+0.9), flumioxazin+acetochlor (0.075+0.9), imazaquin+acetochlor (0.2+0.9), metribuzin+metolachlor (0.48+1.92), and flumioxazin+ metolachlor (0.075+1.92). A control treatment without herbicides was included. Both trials were laid out as randomized complete blocks with four replicates, on a loam illitic thermic petrocalcic Paleudoll, 5.7% organic matter (OM), 25% clay, 30.4 cmol kg-1 CEC. Nodules were sampled at V2 (second node), V6 (sixth node) and R5 (beginning seed) growth stages. Herbicides did not significantly affect the beginning of nodulation or nodule number and mass at R5, not either grain yield or N accumulation. This indicates lack of interference between soil interacting herbicides and N fixation in the high organic matter, loam soils of SE Buenos Aires province, even though a tendency in less number and dry weight of nodules was evident at the two latter growth stages.

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