Occurrence and identity of Puccinia graminis on wheat, barley, andgrasses in Australia during summer - autumn 1992-93

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 999 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Park
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Australian Wheat ◽  
Greenhouse Tests

Levels of stem rust (Puccinia graminis) in Australian wheat and barley crops were generally low from 1980 to 1992. Exceptionally wet conditions in South Australia (SA) during early summer 1992-93 resulted in the establishment of vast areas of self-sown cereals, in which stem rust increased rapidly. The disease was also more common in Western Australia during the summer months of 1992-93. Collections from rusted wheat, barley, and selected grass species were analysed in greenhouse tests using an array of differential cereal genotypes. Five pathotypes of P. graminis f. sp. tritici were recovered from SA, 3 of which had not been isolated over the previous 10 years in Australia and for up to 20 years in SA. The recurrence of these pathotypes highlights the need for caution in redeploying resistance genes for which virulence has not been detected for several years. The majority (79%) of isolates taken from stem-rusted barley in SA were either P. graminis f. sp. secalis or `scabrum" rust, both of which do not infect wheat. In total, 6 of 7 isolates of pathotype 21-2,7 recovered from SA came from stem-rusted barley, and as most wheats in this region are resistant to this pathotype, it appears that hosts other than wheat must be important in perpetuating such avirulent pathotypes.

Wheat stem rust in Australia dash 1969-1985

1992 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 399 ◽  
Author(s):  
PK Zwer ◽  
RF Park ◽  
RA McIntosh
Keyword(s):  
Survey Data ◽  
Common Wheat ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Cultivar Development ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Australian Wheat

Pathogenic changes in Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (P. g. tritici) in Australia during the period 1969-1985 are reviewed. As found in a previous study covering the period 1954-1968, the frequencies of individual pathotypes were influenced by the combinations of resistance genes present in the most common wheat cultivars. From 1969 to 1978, pathotype composition and diversity varied between the four regions comprising the Australian wheat-growing area. However, from 1978 to 1985, pathotype 343-1,2,3,5,6 predominated in all regions. It is suggested that this pathotype was repeatedly derived from pathotype 326-1,2,3,5,6 at widely separated locations, and that these events facilitated its widespread increase. Another significant event was the specialization of P. g. tritici on triticale. Survey data suggest that pathotype 34-2,12, which rendered cultivar Coorong susceptible, developed from pathotype 34-2, possibly during 1979. A second pathotype which attacked cultivar Satu (designated 34-2,12,13) was detected in 1984. The deployment of different resistant genes in triticale and wheat has resulted in distinct populations within P. g. tritici adapted to each crop. Future Cultivar development for triticale should be aimed at maintaining this divergence.

scholarly journals Seedling Stage Resistance of Iranian Bread Wheat Germplasm to Race Ug99 of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 387-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohsen Mohammadi ◽  
Davoud Torkamaneh ◽  
Mehran Patpour
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Wheat Germplasm ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance Genes ◽  
Rust Resistance Genes

Following emergence of Ug99, the new virulent race of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Africa, a global effort for identification and utilization of new sources of Ug99-resistant germplasm has been undertaken. In this study, we conducted replicated experiments to evaluate the resistance of Iranian wheat germplasm to the TTKSK lineage of the Ug99 race of P. graminis f. sp. tritici. We also evaluated for presence of stem rust resistance genes (i.e., Sr2, Sr24, Sr26, Sr38, Sr39, Sr31, and Sr1RSAmigo) in wheat cultivars and breeding lines widely cultivated in Iran. Our phenotyping data revealed high levels of susceptibility to Ug99 in Iranian bread wheat germplasm. Our genotyping data revealed that Iranian cultivars do not carry Sr24, Sr26, or Sr1RSAmigo. Only a few salt-tolerant cultivars and breeding lines tested positively for Sr2, Sr31, Sr38, or Sr39 markers. In conclusion, the genetic basis for resistance to Ug99 in Iranian wheat cultivars was found to be vulnerable. Acquiring knowledge about existing resistance genes and haplotypes in wheat cultivars and breeding lines will help breeders, cereal pathologists, and policy makers to select and pyramid effective stem rust resistance genes.

Variability and trends in sowing dates across the Australian wheatbelt

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 1111 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Stephens ◽  
T. J. Lyons
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
South Australia ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
National Scale ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Sowing Dates ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Australian Wheat

As sowing dates are critical for appropriate yield forecasting, a national survey of Australian wheat farmers was undertaken. This revealed that wheat sowing generally takes 2-4 weeks to complete between the middle of May and the middle of June. Distinct regional differences occur in the way sowing is completed and these are related to soil and climatic effects. In Western Australia, sowing follows a more distinct `break in the season" and the midpoint of farm sowing is fairly uniform across cropping areas. As one progresses into south-eastern and then north-eastern cropping areas the spatial variability in sowing increases. The combination of fallowing practices, unreliable autumn rainfall, and heavier soils (that delay operations when conditions are wet or dry), all add to the variability in sowing date and sowing duration in north-eastern areas. The range of midpoint in sowing (between years) generally decreases as the progression is made from a farm, to a State, to a national scale. Reduced variability at a national scale is enhanced by broad-scale weather patterns causing sowing opportunities to contrast markedly on different sides of the country. During the 1980s, sowing progressed a day earlier per year at a national scale. The most pronounced changes occurred in Queensland and Western Australia, where a 2-3-week shift to earlier sowing was recorded. Coinciding with this was a trend in all areas to reduced or minimum tillage techniques. Late opening rains in South Australia restricted early sowing opportunities during this time.

scholarly journals Stem rust (Puccinia graminis ssp. graminicola Urban) its hosts and harmfulness in grasses grown for seed

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-298
Author(s):  
Maria Prończuk
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Morphological Analysis ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Festuca Rubra ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Spring Temperature ◽  
Deschampsia Caespitosa

Stem rust development on four species of grasses was studied in field experiments conducted at Radzików in 1997-2001. Population of <i>Puccinia graminis</i> ssp. <i>graminicola</i> from different hosts was characterised and their harmfulness for grass grown for seed was estimated. The materials for study were ecotypes and strains of <i>Lolium perenne</i>, <i>Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis</i> and <i>Deschampsia caespitosa</i> collected in breeding nursery and cultivars and strains of <i>L.perenne, F.rubra, P.pratensis</i> cultivated for seed. It was found that the changes in environmental conditions during last years influenced earlier occurrence of stem rust on grasses in Poland. All examined species were the host of <i>P.graminis</i> ssp. <i>graminicola</i>, however the period of infection of particular hosts were different. <i>L.perenne</i> and <i>D.caespitosa</i> were infected in early summer but <i>F.rubra</i> and <i>P.pratensis</i> in late summer or in the autumn. Morphological analysis of spores of <i>P.graminis</i> ssp. <i>graminicola</i> have shoved significant differences between populations obtained from <i>L.perenne</i> and <i>D.caespitosa</i>. Some differences were found between populations from <i>F.rubra</i> and <i>P.pratensis</i> also, but they need more study. Every year occurrence of stem rust on <i>L.perenne</i> and <i>D.caespitosa</i> and its relation with spring temperature in Radzików indicated that populations of patogen could overwinter in local turf. Incidental appearance of stem rust on <i>F.rubra</i> and <i>P.pratensis</i> in centre of Poland allowed to suppose that spores of these forms might be transfer by wind from other regions. The investigation revealed that stem rust can be dangerous for <i>L.perenne</i> grown for seed when infection occurs at flowering time. It has been established that infection of <i>F.rubra</i> and <i>P.pratensis</i> in autumn should not be disregarded. Damages of leaves by <i>P.graminis</i> ssp. <i>graminicola</i> substantially limited plant heading in the next year.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Variability of Wheat Stem Rust Pathogen (Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in Hararghe Highlands, Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Arif Abrahim ◽  
Temam Hussein ◽  
Ayele Badebo
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Rust Disease ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Pathogenic Variability ◽  
Infection Types

Wheat is one of the important major crops of Hararghe Highlands. It is third in land coverage and total production after sorghum and maize. However, the wheat stem rust disease is threatening production of wheat in this region. So, this research was conducted with the following objective: to determine the population of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici in Hararghe Highlands. A total of 200 fields were surveyed and stem rust samples were collected and transported to Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center for race analysis. Inoculation of differentials carrying resistance genes Sr24 and Sr-Tmp indicated typical low infection types on all isolates. Isolates EH5, EH8, and EH3 from East Hararghe and WH2, WH1, and WH3 from West Hararghe showed high virulence of infection in all differential lines. Ten (10) races were identified by using Puccinia graminis tritici code system: TTGSK, PTJQK, TTSSK, TTKSK, TRSSK, and TTJQK from East Hararghe and TTTSK and TTSQK from West Hararghe zones. Race TTSSK was most frequent (25%) followed by TTKSK (25%) in East Hararghe. Race TTSSK showed 50% frequency of occurrence in West Hararghe zones. The low frequency of occurrences indicated high variability of the races in the survey areas. Therefore, monitoring of populations of pathogens is important for the national and regional research centers. Detection of pathogen virulence evolution and of currently effective resistance genes is necessary and must be applied within a system of resistance gene management.

Gene-for-gene relationships in the Avena: Puccinia graminis host–parasite system in Canada

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 969-975 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Martens ◽  
R. I. H. McKenzie ◽  
G. J. Green
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Physiologic Race ◽  
Host Genotype ◽  
Physiologic Races ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Gene For Gene

The results of 48 years of oat stem rust physiologic race surveys are interpreted in terms of the prevailing host genotype. Changes in the frequencies of genes that govern virulence in the pathogen can be explained only in part by changes in the resistance genes carried by the host population. Genes for virulence on newly released types of resistance have spread very quickly through the rust population, after initial 'breakdown' of the resistance. The most successful physiologic races carry genes for virulence in excess of those required for successful parasitism in North America. Many races carry genes for virulence on types of resistance that have never been used on this continent.

Recent advances and future perspectives in resistance breeding against Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, strain UG99

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Shiferaw ◽  
B. Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Resistance Breeding ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Genetic Management ◽  
Gene Effects ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Genetic Barriers ◽  
Wheat Gene

The new stem rust strain, Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici — Ug99, has been a rising threat since the alarm was rung in Uganda in 1998. The genetic and breeding dimensions of research against this disease include the development of vigorous molecular markers, the identification and introgression of multiple resistance genes, the translocation of alien chromosomes, the enrichment of breeding lines with crossability alleles and the development of interspecific hybrids. Resistance genes have been identified in the primary wheat gene pool and in alien sources such as Aegilops spp., Dasypyrum villosum, Secale cereale, Hordeum vulgare and Oryza spp. and some of these sources have been used to confer resistance as a function of single or multiple gene effects. Realizing the potential disaster if Ug99 and related variants break out in other regions, wheat-producing countries are characterizing their germplasm and improving their stem rust race tracking systems. Equally important is “appropriate genetic management”, i.e. the use of currently effective resistance genes in such a way that the evolution and adaptation of new virulence will be deterred. This review will summarize the recent research advances and future perspectives in setting effective genetic barriers vis-à-vis the seemingly intractable spread and evolution of Ug99.

scholarly journals Pathogenic Variability of Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae and P. graminis f. sp. avenae on Oat in South Africa

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (10) ◽  
pp. 1085-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. D. van Niekerk ◽  
Z. A. Pretorius ◽  
W. H. P. Boshoff
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Crown Rust ◽  
Puccinia Coronata ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Pathogenic Variability

Although crown rust (caused by Puccinia coronata f. sp. avenae) and stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. avenae) are generally considered to be the most widespread and damaging diseases of oat (Avena spp.) in South Africa, pathogenic variability has never been studied. During 1997 and 1998, one dominant crown rust pathotype (SBLL) was identified with virulence to resistance genes Pc40, Pc45, Pc46, Pc51, and Pc54. Four other pathotypes (SGLL, PBBB+Pc35, SDQL, and JBBM+Pc35), occurring at low frequencies and further rendering resistance genes Pc35, Pc39, Pc48, Pc50, Pc52, and Pc64 ineffective, were also detected. Resistance gene Pc40 was postulated in Wisconsin X1588-2; Pc51 in Euro, Maluti, Overberg, OX88I 075-106, Perdeberg, and Swartberg; and Pc39 was confirmed in the cultivar Fidler. During the same period, four stem rust pathotypes were identified with virulence to resistance genes Pg1, Pg2, Pg4, Pg8, Pg9, Pg12,Pg15, and Pga. Resistance gene Pga was postulated in Alpha, OX87 080-1, OX88I 075-106, Sederberg, and W94/4; Pg2 and/or Pg4 in Euro, Perdeberg, Potberg, and Swartberg; and Pg9 in Pallinup and Victorian. Collections of wild oat species Avena fatua, A. byzantina, A. sterilis, and A. barbata were susceptible to all crown rust patho-types, while the four stem rust pathotypes were virulent on all species except A. barbata.

scholarly journals Races of Puccinia graminis Identified in the United States During 2003

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (10) ◽  
pp. 1125-1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Jin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Stem Rust ◽  
Rust Resistance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance ◽  
Puccinia Graminis ◽  
Wheat Stem Rust ◽  
Stem Rust Resistance Genes ◽  
Rust Resistance Genes

Stem rust of small grain cereals, caused by Puccinia graminis, is a major disease of wheat, barley, and oat. In order to effectively utilize stem rust resistance in the improvement of small grain cereals, it is necessary to monitor the virulence composition and dynamics in the stem rust population. Races of P. graminis from barberry, wheat, barley, and oat were surveyed across the United States during 2003. Aecial infections on barberry were primarily due to P. graminis f. sp. secalis, as inoculations using aeciospores failed to produce infection on wheat and oat. Race QFCS of P. graminis f. sp. tritici was the most common race identified from wheat and barley. Race QFCS has virulence on stem rust resistance genes Sr5, 8a, 9a, 9d, 9g, 10, 17, and 21 that are used for race identification. Race TTTT was identified in 2003. This race possesses virulence to all 16 stem rust resistance genes present in the wheat stem rust differentials and should be targeted in breeding for stem rust resistance. Race QFCN appeared to be a new race in the U.S. stem rust population. Races QCCJ and MCCF were identified, but at low frequencies. Seven races of P. graminis f. sp. avenae were identified from oat, and races NA-27, NA-29, and NA-67 were the predominant races. Race NA-76 was identified for the first time in the United States.

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