Triticale and barley for grain and for dual-purpose (forage+grain) in a Mediterranean-type environment. I. Growth analyses

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 411 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Royo ◽  
F. Tribó
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Barley Grain ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Spring Triticale

Field experiments were conducted for 2 growing seasons (1992 and 1993) at 2 sites in north-eastern Spain under irrigated conditions and high soil fertility. Two 6-rowed barley varieties, 3 spring triticales, and 2 winter triticales were evaluated for grain yield and for forage and grain production in the same cropping season. Forage was cut when the first node was detectable, and grain was harvested at ripening in both cut and uncut plots. Barley, spring triticale, and winter triticale did not differ in biomass at cutting. The number of tillers per plant at the beginning of jointing was about 3·2 in both barley and winter triticale, and 0·7 in spring triticale. Almost all of the biomass components at cutting were positively and significantly correlated with forage yield. Changes in dry matter accumulation and leaf area index and its components in the uncut treatment fitted accurately to the same logistic curve. The maximum number of living leaves per plant was reached between the beginning of jointing and booting in barley and spring triticale, and around jointing in winter triticale. The number of living tillers per plant at anthesis was significantly higher in barley than in triticale. The number of spikes per plant at anthesis was significantly lower in spring triticale than in barley and winter triticale. The efficiency of the plant to accumulate dry matter was greater in triticale than in barley. In barley, grain filling in both cut and uncut harvesting treatments was mainly dependent on current photosynthesis after anthesis. In triticale, which was more affected by terminal abiotic stresses, both photosynthesis and translocation of assimilates contributed to grain filling, independent of the harvesting treatment.

Growth of spring barley under drought: crop development, photosynthesis, dry-matter accumulation and nutrient content

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Lawlor ◽  
W. Day ◽  
A. E. Johnston ◽  
B. J. Legg ◽  
K. J. Parkinson
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Water Deficits ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Grain Filling Period

SUMMARYThe effects of water deficit on growth of spring barley were analysed under five irrigation treatments. One crop was irrigated at weekly intervals from emergence throughout the growing season, and one was not irrigated at all after emergence. Soil water deficits in the other treatments were allowed to develop early, intermediate or late in the crop's development.Weekly irrigation produced a crop with a large leaf area index (maximum value 4) and maintained green leaf and awns throughout the grain-filling period. Early drought decreased leaf area index (maximum value 2) by slowing expansion of main-stem leaves and decreasing the number and growth of tiller leaves. Leaf senescence was also increased with drought. Drought late in the development of ears and leaves and during the grain-filling period caused leaves and awns to senesce so that the total photosynthetic areas decreased faster than with irrigation. Photosynthetic rate per unit leaf area was little affected by drought so total dry-matter production was most affected by differences in leaf area.Early drought gave fewer tillers (550/m2) and fewer grains per ear (18) than did irrigation (760 tillers/m2 and 21 grains per ear). Late irrigation after drought increased the number of grains per ear slightly but not the number of ears/m2. Thus at the start of the grain-filling period crops which had suffered drought early had fewer grains than irrigated (9·5 and 18·8 × 103/m2 respectively) or crops which suffered drought later in development (14 × 103/m2).During the first 2 weeks of filling, grains grew at almost the same rate in all treatments. Current assimilate supply was probably insufficient to provide this growth in crops which had suffered drought, and stem reserves were mobilized, as shown by the decrease in stem mass during the period. Grains filled for 8 days longer with irrigation and were heavier (36–38 mg) than without irrigation (29–30 mg). Drought throughout the grainfilling period after irrigation earlier in the season resulted in the smallest grains (29 mg).Grain yield depended on the number of ears, the number of grains per ear and mass per grain. Early drought decreased tillering and tiller ear production and the number of grains that filled in each ear. Late drought affected grain size via the effects on photosynthetic surface area.Drought decreased the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and magnesium in the dry matter of crops, and irrigation after drought increased them. Concentration of nitrogen was little affected by treatment. Possible mechanisms by which water deficits and nutrient supply affect crop growth and yield are discussed.

scholarly journals Steps in Predicting the Relationship of Yield on Fungicide Dose

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (7) ◽  
pp. 708-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Paveley ◽  
R. Sylvester-Bradley ◽  
R. K. Scott ◽  
J. Craigon ◽  
W. Day
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Septoria Tritici ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Optimum Dose ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Area Index

A set of hypothetical steps has been defined, which links fungicide dose to marketable yield, whereby (i) increasing dose decreases symptom area, according to a dose-response curve, (ii) decreased symptom area increases crop green area index (GAI), (iii) increasing GAI increases fractional interception of photosynthetically active radiation, (iv) increased fractional interception increases crop dry matter accumulation, and (v) yield increases, depending on the partitioning of dry matter to the marketable fraction. One equation represented all five steps. By integrating this equation for light interception during the yield forming period and differentiating with respect to the ratio of fungicide cost over yield value, an analytical solution was obtained for the economic optimum dose. Taking published ranges of parameter values for the Septoria tritici wheat pathosystem as an example, yield-response curves and optimum doses were biologically plausible when compared with data from four field experiments. The analytical and empirical results imply that the dose required to optimize economic return will vary substantially between sites, seasons, and cultivars. Sensitivity analyses identified parameters describing specific facets of disease severity, fungicide efficacy, and assimilate partitioning as most influential in determining the dose optimum.

Effects of waterlogging on the yield and growth of summer maize under field conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baizhao Ren ◽  
Jiwang Zhang ◽  
Xia Li ◽  
Xia Fan ◽  
Shuting Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
Dry Matter Distribution ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Yield Responses

Ren, B., Zhang, J., Li, X., Fan, X., Dong, S., Liu, P. and Zhao, B. 2014. Effects of waterlogging on the yield and growth of summer maize under field conditions. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 23–31. A field experiment was performed to study the effects of waterlogging for different durations (3 and 6 d) on the yield and growth of summer maize at the three-leaf stage (V3), six-leaf stage (V6), and the 10th day after the tasseling stage (10VT). The results after 2 yr indicated that maize development and grain yield responses to waterlogging depended on both stress severity (intensity and duration) and different growth stage. Yield decreased significantly with an increased waterlogging duration during V3 and V6. The yields of maize hybrid Denghai 605 (DH605) in treatments V3-3, V3-6, V6-3, V6-6, 10VT-3, and 10VT-6 were 23, 32, 20, 24, 8, and 18% lower than those of the control (CK), respectively; Yields of Zhengdan 958 (ZD958) were lower by 21, 35, 15, 33, 7, and 12%, respectively. Waterlogging also affected the growth and development of summer maize. Ear characteristics (grains per ear and 1000-grain weight) and plant morphology (plant height, ear height, and leaf area index) decreased, whereas the bald tip length increased significantly. The maximum grain-filling rate decreased under waterlogging; furthermore, the dry matter accumulation decreased and dry matter distribution proportions of the stem and leaf increased. However, the distribution proportion of grain decreased. Maize was most susceptible to waterlogging damage at V3, followed by V6 and 10VT, with damage increasing with increasing waterlogging duration.

scholarly journals Diethyl Aminoethyl Hexanoate Increase Relay Strip Intercropping Soybean Grain by Optimizing Photosynthesis Aera and Delaying Leaf Senescence

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Luo ◽  
Xiaoting Yuan ◽  
Chen Xie ◽  
Shanshan Liu ◽  
Ping Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Net Photosynthesis ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Strip Intercropping ◽  
Pod Number

Insufficient and unbalanced biomass supply inhibited soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] yield formation in the maize-soybean relay strip intercropping (IS) and monoculture soybean (SS). A field experiment was conducted to explore the soybean yield increase mechanism of DA-6 in IS and SS treatments. In this 2-year experiment, compact maize “Denghai 605” and shade-tolerant soybean “Nandou 25” were selected as cultivated materials. DA-6 with four concentrations, i.e., 0 mg/L (CK), 40 mg/L (D40), 60 mg/L (D60), and 80 mg/L (D80), were sprayed on soybean leaves at the beginning of flowering stage of soybean. Results showed that DA-6 treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased soybean grain yield, and the yield increase ratio was higher in IS than SS. The leaf area index values and net photosynthesis rate of IS peaked at D60 and were increased by 32.2–49.3% and 24.1–27.2% compared with the corresponding CK. Similarly, DA-6 treatments increased the aboveground dry matter and the amount of soybean dry matter accumulation from the R1 stage to the R8 stage (VDMT) and highest at D60 both in IS and SS. D60 increased the VDMT by 29.0–47.1% in IS and 20.7–29.2% in SS. The TRG at D60 ranged 72.4–77.6% in IS and 61.4–62.5% in SS. The MDA content at D60 treatment was decreased by 38.3% in IS and 25.8% in SS. The active grain-filling day in IS was about 7 days longer than in SS. In D60 treatment, the Vmean and Vmax increased by 6.5% and 6.5% in IS and 5.7% and 4.3% in SS compared with the corresponding CK. Although the pod number and hundred-grain weight were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by DA-6 treatments, the grains per pod were maintained stable. The pod number and hundred-grain weight were increased by 30.1–36.8% and 4.5–6.7% in IS and 6.3–13% and 3.6–5.6% in SS. Thus, the grain yield at D60 was increased by 36.7–38.4% in IS and 21.7–26.6% in SS. DA-6 treatments significantly (p < 0.05) increased soybean grain yield and peaked D60 treatments both in IS and SS.

scholarly journals Characterization and Grouping of All Primary Branches at Various Positions on a Rice Panicle Based on Grain Growth Dynamics

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quan Zhao ◽  
Xiangyang Hao ◽  
Izhar Ali ◽  
Anas Iqbal ◽  
Saif Ullah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Growth ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Grain Filling Duration

Grain filling can directly influence rice yield. However, there is limited information on the growth relationship among grains at different positions on the entire panicle during grain filling. In this study, field experiments were conducted in 2014–2015 to compare the growth dynamics of grains at various positions for two rice cultivars (Nongle 1 and Guifeng 2). The results showed that a high similarity and a slow–fast–slow trend of dry-matter accumulation occurred in all primary branches. However, the maximum grain growth rates of the top primary branches were 86% and 44% higher than basal primary branches of Nongle 1 and Guifeng 2, respectively. Similarly, the maximum final grain weights were 32% and 18% greater in the top primary branches than in the basal primary branches of Nongle 1 and Guifeng 2, respectively. In contrast, the active grain filling duration was 1.5 and 1.3 times longer in the basal primary branches than the top primary branches of Nongle 1 and Guifeng 2, respectively. The time to reach the maximum rate of grain growth of the basal primary branches for Nongle 1 and Guifeng 2 was 2.2 and 2.5 times longer than those of the top primary branches, respectively. Based on cluster analysis of growth characteristics of all primary branches, Group I (superior primary-branches) was considered to be the fastest for grain filling and greatest for dry matter weight, followed by Group II (medium primary-branches). The poorest growth occurred in Group III (inferior primary-branches). Therefore, the yield of poor-filling grains at the basal panicle could be achieved primarily by improving the growth of Group III.

Photosynthetic Characteristics, Dry Matter Accumulation and Translocation, Grain Filling Parameter of Three Main Maize Varieties in Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Jun XU ◽  
Tian-Fang LYU ◽  
Jiu-Ran ZHAO ◽  
Rong-Huan WANG ◽  
Chuan-Yong CHEN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Photosynthetic Characteristics ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Maize Varieties

scholarly journals The nitrogen topdressing mode of indica-japonica and indica hybrid rice are different after side-deep fertilization with machine transplanting

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaodan Wang ◽  
Yaliang Wang ◽  
Yuping Zhang ◽  
Jing Xiang ◽  
Yikai Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Hybrid Rice ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Quick Release ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Spikelets Per Panicle

AbstractDetermination of the optimal fertilization method is crucial to maximize nitrogen use efficiency and yield of different rice cultivars. Side-deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen, in conjunction with machine transplanting and subsequent topdressing, was applied to Indica–japonica hybrid rice ‘Yongyou1540’ (YY1540) and indica hybrid rice ‘Tianyouhuazhan’ (TYHZ). Four nitrogen treatments were applied in 2018 and 2019: traditional nitrogen application with quick-release nitrogen (T1), single-dose deep fertilization at transplanting with 100% controlled-release nitrogen (T2), and deep fertilization of 70% controlled-release nitrogen and topdressing of 30% quick nitrogen at tillering (T3), or at panicle initiation (T4). Side-deep fertilization reduced the fertilizer application frequency without causing yield loss, T4 enhanced the yield of YY1540 by increasing the number of productive tillers and number of spikelets per panicle compared with T1, T2 and T3. The yield of TYHZ showed no significant difference among treatments. The T4 treatment decreased the number of tillers at the tilling peak stage and increased the percentage productive tillers and number of differentiated spikelets. Compared with the other treatments, T4 increased dry matter accumulation and leaf area index during panicle initiation and grain ripening, and contributed to enhanced nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilization in YY1540. On average, nitrogen uptake and utilization in YY1540 were highest in T4, but no significant differences among treatments were observed in TYHZ. Dry matter accumulation and nitrogen uptake from panicle initiation to heading of YY1540 were correlated with number of spikelets per panicle, but no significant correlations were observed for TYHZ. Supplementary topdressing with quick-release nitrogen at the panicle initiation stage was required to increase yield of indica–japonica hybrid rice, whereas single-dose deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen is satisfactory for the indica hybrid cultivar.

scholarly journals Inferring vascular architecture of the wheat spikelet based on resource allocation in the branched headt (bht-A1) near isogenic lines

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 1023 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gizaw M. Wolde ◽  
Thorsten Schnurbusch
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Spikelet Fertility ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Near Isogenic Lines ◽  
Network Systems ◽  
Vascular Architecture ◽  
Isogenic Lines ◽  
Rachis Node

Substantial genetic and physiological efforts were made to understand the causal factors of floral abortion and grain filling problem in wheat. However, the vascular architecture during wheat spikelet development is surprisingly under-researched. We used the branched headt near-isogenic lines, FL-bht-A1-NILs, to visualise the dynamics of spikelet fertility and dry matter accumulation in spikelets sharing the same rachis node (henceforth Primary Spikelet, PSt, and Secondary Spikelet, SSt). The experiment was conducted after grouping FL-bht-A1-NILs into two groups, where tillers were consistently removed from one group. Our results show differential spikelet fertility and dry matter accumulation between the PSt and SSt, but also showed a concomitant improvement after de-tillering. This suggests a tight regulation of assimilate supply and dry matter accumulation in wheat spikelets. Since PSt and SSt share the same rachis node, the main vascular bundle in the rachis/rachilla is expected to bifurcate to connect each spikelet/floret to the vascular system. We postulate that the vascular structure in the wheat spikelet might even follow Murray’s law, where the wide conduits assigned at the base of the spikelet feed the narrower conduits of the distal florets. We discuss our results based on the two modalities of the vascular network systems in plants.

scholarly journals Growth and yield of wheat at different dates of sowing under chrland ecosystem of Bangladesh

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Kamrozzaman ◽  
MAH Khan ◽  
S Ahmed ◽  
N Sultana
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Crop Growth Rate

An experiment was conducted at Sadipur charland under Farming System Research and Development Site, Hatgobindapur, Faridpur, during rabi season of 2012-13 and 2013-14 to study the growth and yield performance of cv. BARI Gom-24 as affected by different dates of sowing under Agro-ecological Zone-12 (AEZ-12) of Bangladesh. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with six replications, comprising five different dates of sowing viz. November 5, November 15, November 25, December 5 and December 15. Results reveal that the tallest plant, leaf area index, total dry matter, and crop growth rate were observed in November 25 sown crop and leaf area index, total dry matter and crop growth rate were higher at booting, grain filling, and tillering stages of the crop. Maximum effective tillers hill-1 (3.49), spikes m-2, (311), number of grains spike-1 (42.20) and 1000-grain weight (52.10 g) were produced by November 25 sown crop exhibited the highest grain (4.30 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.94 t ha-1) as well as harvest index (46.88%) of the crop. Lowest performance was observed both in early (November 5) and late sown crop (December 15). The overall results indicated that November 25 sown crop showed better performance in respect of growth and yield of wheat under charland ecosystem of Bangladesh.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 14(2): 147-154, December 2016

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