Occurrence of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus in native flora, weeds, and horticultural crops

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Latham ◽  
R. A. C. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Globe Artichoke ◽  
Nicotiana Glutinosa ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Chinese Aster

Surveys to determine the incidence of tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) in native plants, weeds, vegetables, and flowering ornamentals were done within or near horticultural properties in the Perth metropolitan area. Leaf or petal samples were tested for TSWV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Samples from native plants and flowering ornamentals were also tested for impatiens necrotic spot tospovirus (INSV). Forty-two species of native plants were sampled from 17 sites. Of the 1590 plants sampled, only 1 plant of Calectasia cyanea (blue tinsel lily) was found to be infected. Weeds were sampled from 24 sites, and samples from 5543 plants in 45 species were tested. TSWV was found in 59 samples belonging to 16 different species from 8 sites. Among these, the highest virus infection levels at individual locations were in Arctotheca calendula (capeweed; 15%) and Sonchus asper (sowthistle; 32%). Vegetables were sampled from 28 sites, and samples from 3864 plants in 9 species were tested. TSWV was found in 309 samples from 22 sites. Those found to be infected were broad bean, capsicum, celery, chilli, eggplant, globe artichoke, lettuce, paprika, potato, and tomato. At individual locations, capsicum and tomato crops were sometimes 100% infected. Flowering ornamentals were sampled from 6 sites, and samples from 2698 plants in 16 species were tested. TSWV was found in 296 samples from 3 sites. Those found to be infected with TSWV were alstroemeria, calendula, Chinese aster, chrysanthemum, cosmos, dahlia, delphinium, gladiolus, snapdragon, statice, and zinnia. Highest incidences were in alstroemeria (32%), asters (81%), calendula (65%), chrysanthemum (30%), dahlia (28%), and statice (57%). No INSV was detected. In an infected calendula crop, TSWV infection declined sharply with distance from an aster infection source. Eight isolates of TSWV obtained from different weeds, vegetables, and flowering ornamentals differed widely in the severity of symptoms they induced in Nicotiana glutinosa, capsicum, and tomato. High incidences of TSWV were commonly associated with the presence of Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips). Reservoirs of TSWV infection identified during the survey included infected planting stock and volunteer plants of vegetatively propagated flowering ornamentals, seedlings of vegetables previously infected in nurseries, old infected vegetable and flowering ornamental crops growing next to subsequently planted crops, and weeds. A control strategy involving the removal or avoidance of TSWV sources and vigilance to limit introduction of INSV on imported flowering ornamentals is discussed.

scholarly journals Replication of Tomato spotted wilt virus After Ingestion by Adult Thrips setosus is Restricted to Midgut Epithelial Cells

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1149-1155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ohnishi ◽  
Leandra M. Knight ◽  
Daijirou Hosokawa ◽  
Ichiro Fujisawa ◽  
Shinya Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
N Protein ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Wilt Virus

If acquisition access feeding (AAF) is first given after adult eclosion, none of the nine thrips species able to serve as tospovirus vectors can become infective. The previous cellular investigations of this phenomenon, carried out only in Frankliniella occidentalis, suggested that infectivity was prevented because the type member of the tospoviruses, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), was unable to enter the midgut of adult thrips. The present study extends a cellular view of tospovirus—thrips interactions to a species other than the western flower thrips, F. occidentalis. Our findings show that TSWV enters and replicates within the midgut of adult Thrips setosus, but does not infect cells beyond the midgut epithelia. After AAF as adult, TSWV replicated in T. setosus midgut cells as indicated by significant increases in nucleocapsid (N) protein detected by double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the presence of inclusions containing the S RNA-encoded nonstructural and N proteins revealed by microscopic observations. Electron microscopic observations of adult insects showed that no infection occurred in cells beyond the midgut epithelia, and insects subsampled from the same cohorts could not transmit TSWV. In contrast, electron microscopy observations of larval T. setosus revealed that TSWV infected the midgut and muscle cells, and adult insects developing from these cohorts had infected salivary glands and were able to transmit TSWV. Mature virions were observed only in the salivary glands of adults developing from infected larvae. Our findings suggest that the barrier to infectivity in T. setosus adults differs from that shown for F. occidentalis adults.

scholarly journals Host Plant Resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (Bunyaviridae: Tospovirus) in Tomato

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (12) ◽  
pp. 1626-1633 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Riley ◽  
Shimat V. Joseph ◽  
W. Terry Kelley ◽  
Steve Olson ◽  
John Scott
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Tomato Cultivars ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Wilt Virus

Commercially available cultivars of tomato Solanum lycopersicum L. were field-tested for resistance to Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) over a 5-year period (from 2006 to 2010) at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station at Tifton, GA. Selected cultivars were transplanted each year into staked, black plastic mulch beds on drip irrigation in the spring of each year when the incidence of Tomato spotted wilt (TSW) tended to be highest. The presence of TSWV was confirmed by double antibody sandwich (DAS) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Also, the presence of thrips vectors was monitored using beat-cup sampling of foliage and flower samples. Tomato cultivars with the Sw-5 resistance gene provided high levels of control of TSW expression over all 5 years. However, these genotypes had no apparent effect on the thrips vectors, western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), that transmit TSWV. Overall, the top 15 commercial tomato cultivars based on consistent TSW resistance and ranked from highest marketable fruit yield were: ‘Tycoon’, ‘Tous 91’, ‘Talladega’, ‘Red Defender’, ‘BHN 444’, ‘Nico’, ‘Carson’, ‘BHN 685 (Roma type)’, ‘Picus’, ‘Redline’, ‘Tribute’, ‘Quincy’, ‘BHN 640’, ‘BHN 602’, and ‘Top Gun’.

scholarly journals First Report on the Multiplication of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus in Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1282-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Pappu ◽  
J. W. Todd ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
M. D. Bandla ◽  
J. L. Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Virus Replication ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Individual Adult

In Georgia, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) causes significant losses in peanut, tobacco, tomato, and pepper. Transmission of TSWV in Georgia primarily is by tobacco thrips (TT), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and western flower thrips, F. occidentalis (Pergande), with TT being the predominant vector species in peanut (2). TSWV must be acquired at the larval stage for the adult to transmit the virus. Detection of NSs (a non-structural TSWV protein present only following virus replication) in thrips by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a reliable indicator that the virus had multiplied in the vector and thus the vector is competent to transmit TSWV. While this has been accomplished with F. occidentalis (1), information is lacking for F. fusca, the predominant vector in Georgia and other states in the Southeast. Thus, the nature of the TSWV-TT association was investigated and the proportion of transmitters in a field population determined in 1,436 individual adult TT collected from sticky cards positioned in selected peanut fields in south Georgia. Additionally, 650 larvae collected from volunteer peanut plants were reared to adults in the laboratory and the resulting 295 adult TT were individually evaluated by ELISA. Of those collected from the sticky cards, NSs was detected in 8% of the adult insects, indicating that the virus had multiplied in TT. NSs was not detected in control TT that had no access to the virus. Of the adult TT that emerged from larvae collected from volunteer peanuts, 6.1% were positive for NSs. Our study provides the first immunological evidence that TSWV multiplies in TT. References: (1) M. D. Bandla et al. Phytopathology 84:1427, 1994. (2) J. R. Chamberlin et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 86:40, 1993.

Frankliniella occidentalis. [Distribution map].

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Soft Fruit ◽  
Wilt Virus

Abstract A new distribution map is provided for Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) Thysanoptera: Thripidae Western flower thrips, alfalfa thrips, California thrips. Attacks flowers of many fruit trees, ornamentals, soft fruit and vegetables. Polyphagous. Transmits tomato spotted wilt virus. Information is given on the geographical distribution in EUROPE, Belgium, Crete, Cyprus, Czech, Republic Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish, Republic Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, AFRICA, Canary Islands, Kenya, Réunion, South Africa, Zimbabwe, CIS (formerly USSR), Russia, ASIA, Israel, Japan, AUSTRALASIA and PACIFIC OCEAN ISLANDS, Australia, New South Wales, Western Australia, Hawaii, New Zealand, NORTH AMERICA, Canada, British Columbia, Ontario, USA, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Utah, CENTRAL AMERICA and CARIBBEAN, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Martinique, Mexico, SOUTH AMERICA, Colombia.

scholarly journals Complexity and local specificity of the virome associated with tospovirus-transmitting thrips species.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Chiapello ◽  
Lara Bosco ◽  
M. Ciuffo ◽  
S. Ottati ◽  
N. Salem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
High Throughput Sequencing ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Tabaci ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Thrips Species ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Neohydatothrips Variabilis

Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips=WFT) and Thrips tabaci (onion thrips=OT) are insect species that greatly impact horticultural crops through direct damage and their efficient vectoring of tomato spotted wilt virus and iris yellow spot virus. In this study we collected thrips of these species from 12 field populations in various regions in Italy. We also included one field population of Neohydatothrips variabilis (soybean thrips=ST) from the U.S.A. Total RNAseq from high-throughput sequencing (HTS) was used to assemble the virome and then we assigned putative viral contigs to each thrips sample by qRT-PCR. Excluding plant and fungal viruses, we were able to identify 61 viral segments, corresponding to 41 viruses: 14 were assigned to WFT, 17 to OT, one from ST and 9 viruses could not be assigned to any species based on our stringent criteria. All these viruses are putative representative of new species (with only the exception of a sobemo-like virus that is 100% identical to a virus recently characterized in ST) and some belong to new higher-ranking taxa. These additions to the viral phylogeny suggest previously undescribed evolutionary niches. Most of the Baltimore’s classes of RNA viruses were present (positive- and minus- strand and dsRNA viruses), but only one DNA virus was identified in our collection. Repeated sampling in a subset of locations in 2019 and 2020 and further virus characterization in a subset of four thrips populations maintained in laboratory allowed us to provide evidence of a locally persistent thrips core virome that characterizes each population. IMPORTANCE Harnessing the insect microbiome can result in new approaches to contain their populations or the damage they cause vectoring viruses of medical, veterinary, or agricultural importance. Persistent insect viruses are a neglected component of their microbiota. Here for the first time, we characterize the virome associated with the two model systems for tospovirus-transmitting thrips species, of utmost importance for the direct and indirect damage they cause to a number of different crops. The thrips virome here characterized includes several novel viruses, that in some cases reveal previously undescribed clades. More importantly, some of the viruses we describe are part of a core virome that is specific and consistently present in distinct geographical locations monitored over the years, hinting at a possible mutualistic symbiotic relationship with their host.

scholarly journals Evolutionary dynamics of Tomato spotted wilt virus within and between alternate plant hosts and thrips

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Casey L. Ruark-Seward ◽  
Brian Bonville ◽  
George Kennedy ◽  
David A. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Multiple Time ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus

AbstractTomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a generalist pathogen with one of the broadest known host ranges among RNA viruses. To understand how TSWV adapts to different hosts, we experimentally passaged viral populations between two alternate hosts, Emilia sochifolia and Datura stramonium, and an obligate vector in which it also replicates, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Deep sequencing viral populations at multiple time points allowed us to track the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations within and between hosts. High levels of viral genetic diversity were maintained in both plants and thrips between transmission events. Rapid fluctuations in the frequency of amino acid variants indicated strong host-specific selection pressures on proteins involved in viral movement (NSm) and replication (RdRp). While several genetic variants showed opposing fitness effects in different hosts, fitness effects were generally positively correlated between hosts indicating that positive rather than antagonistic pleiotropy is pervasive. These results suggest that high levels of genetic diversity together with the positive pleiotropic effects of mutations have allowed TSWV to rapidly adapt to new hosts and expand its host range.

scholarly journals Effects of Spray Volume and Application Frequency on Insecticide Efficacy Against Adult Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella Occidentalis) under Greenhouse Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1708-1714
Author(s):  
Devin L. Radosevich ◽  
Raymond A. Cloyd ◽  
Nathan J. Herrick
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Insecticide Efficacy ◽  
Percent Mortality ◽  
Application Frequency ◽  
Spray Volume

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a major insect pest of greenhouse-grown horticultural crops. Western flower thrips causes direct and indirect damage by feeding on plant leaves, flowers, and fruits, and by transmitting viruses that can result in greenhouse producers experiencing substantial economic losses. Consequently, insecticides are used to suppress western flower thrips populations. However, issues associated with applying insecticides may affect the suppression of western flower thrips populations. Therefore, experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions to determine the effects of the spray volume applied and application frequency on insecticide efficacy against western flower thrips adults located in transvaal daisy, Gerbera jamesonii, cut flowers. Four spray volumes (5.0, 10.0, 12.5, and 25.0 mL), two application frequencies (one or two spray applications), and three insecticides [spinosad (Conserve), chlorfenapyr (Pylon), and flonicamid (Aria)], each with a different mode of action, were tested. The insecticide treatments had the greatest effects on the mean percent mortality of western flower thrips adults regardless of spray volume or application frequency. However, in Expt. 3, the 5.0- and 10.0-mL spray volumes resulted in a higher mean percent mortality of western flower thrips adults than the 2.5-mL spray volume. Spinosad and chlorfenapyr resulted in a mean percent mortality of more than 72% for western flower thrips adults, whereas flonicamid resulted in mean percent mortality between 40% and 91%. Our study demonstrates that certain insecticides are more effective against western flower thrips adults located in transvaal daisy flowers than others, which will help greenhouse producers effectively manage western flower thrips populations.

scholarly journals Virus status of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) does not affect their response to a thrips lure or host plant volatiles in a Ytube olfactometer

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 120-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Davidson ◽  
S.M. Skill ◽  
R.C. Butler ◽  
M-C. Nielsen ◽  
S. Keenan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Volatiles ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Host Plant Volatiles ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
The Impact

The impact of tospovirus infection on the behaviour of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) was evaluated in a Ytube olfactometer The response of female western flower thrips with or without a tospovirus (Tomato spotted wilt virus TSWV) to a thrips lure (methyl isonicotinate MI) and chrysanthemum buds was recorded Compared to the blank arm significantly more thrips chose the odourladen arm of the Ytube when it contained MI (65 P016) increase the percentage of thrips that chose the odourladen arm over and above the cleanair arm but thrips (virusfree and infected) moved more quickly to the end of either arm when a bud was present The virus status of thrips was confirmed with RTPCR The presence of the virus in the vector did not substantially affect the behavioural response of the vector to a lure or hostplant material (P>04)

scholarly journals Tomato spotted wilt virusmanipulates the reproduction of its insect vector, western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), to facilitate transmission

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanran Wan ◽  
Sabir Hussain ◽  
Baoyun Xu ◽  
Wen Xie ◽  
Shaoli Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Mating Behaviour ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Reproductive Behaviour ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDTomato spotted wilt virus(TSWV), one of the most devastating viruses of ornamental plants and vegetable crops worldwide, is transmitted by the western flower thrips,Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande), in a persistent-propagative manner. How TSWV manipulates the reproduction of its vector to enhance transmission and whether infection with TSWV changes the mating behaviour of this thrips vector are not fully understood.RESULTSIn this study, we found that TSWV-exposed thrips, in general, had a significantly longer developmental time than did non-exposed individuals. Such an increase was predominantly seen in adults, a stage associated with dispersal and virus transmission. TSWV-exposedF. occidentalis produced substantially more progeny than did non-exposed thrips. Interestingly, most of the increase in progeny came from an increase in males, a sex with a greater dispersal and virus transmission capability. Specifically, the sex ratio of progeny shifted from female biased (2-7:1) to evenly split or male biased. Regarding mating behaviour, compared to virus-free controls, TSWV-exposedF. occidentalis had significantly longer copulation duration, were more active in males, and remated less often in females.CONCLUSIONThese combined results suggest that TSWV alters the reproductive behaviour of its insect vector,F. occidentalis, to promote virus transmission. Consequently, a monitoring program capable of earlier detection of the virus and a reduced economic threshold for vector (thrips) control should be in consideration for the long-term, sustainable management of TSWV.

scholarly journals Western Flower Thrips Can Transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus From Virus-infected Tomato Fruits

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie A. Szostek ◽  
Priscila Rodriguez ◽  
Jasmin Sanchez ◽  
Scott Adkins ◽  
Rayapati A. Naidu
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Grocery Stores ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Nucleocapsid Gene ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
Wilt Virus

In this study, we demonstrate that western flower thrips (WFT, Frankliniella occidentalis) can acquire and transmit Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) from symptomatic tomato fruits. TSWV and other thrips-transmitted tospoviruses have long been known to spread via plant propagation material such as transplants. Global dissemination of tospoviruses has also been linked, in part, to transport and trade of thrips-infested and virus-infected horticultural products. However, the role of tomato fruits transported across state and national borders has not previously been examined as a means of virus spread or as a source for thrips acquisition of virus. Tomato fruits displaying typical tospovirus symptoms were purchased from several Washington State grocery stores. Many of these symptomatic fruits tested positive for TSWV and some for Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). First instar larvae of WFT successfully acquired TSWV from these infected tomato fruits and transmitted the virus as adults to Emilia sonchifolia plants. Symptomatic E. sonchifolia plants were confirmed positive for TSWV by lateral flow immunoassays and sequence analysis of a portion of the nucleocapsid gene. These results suggest the dissemination of TSWV (and likely other tospoviruses) and PepMV to new geographic areas by human-assisted transport of infected tomato fruits.

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