Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathology ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
New Work ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Management Personnel ◽  
Nut Production ◽  
And Control

Diseases of Fruit Crops in Australia is the new standard reference in applied plant pathology in Australia covering important diseases affecting the broad range of fruit and nut crops grown throughout Australia. It is an essential tool for growers, horticulturists, crop consultants, research scientists, plant pathologists, quarantine officers, agribusiness representatives, pest management personnel, educators and students. The book is generously illustrated with high quality colour images to help diagnose diseases and explains how to identify and manage each disease, describing the symptoms of the disease, its importance, the source of infection and spread and control measures. Based on the highly regarded 1993 edition of Diseases of Fruit Crops, this new work updates management practices that have evolved since then. Importantly, it contains the latest information on diseases that have recently emerged in Australia as well as exotic diseases that are biosecurity threats to Australian fruit and nut production.

scholarly journals Management Practices of Emergency Departments in General Hospitals Based on Blockage of Chain of Infection during an COVID-19 Epidemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Hu ◽  
Si Liu ◽  
Bo Wang ◽  
Hui Xiong ◽  
Ping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
General Hospitals ◽  
Time Dynamic ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Route Of Transmission ◽  
And Control

Abstract In a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic, management of the emergency department is a difficult task in terms of prevention and control of the disease in general hospitals. On top of meeting urgent needs of patients for medical treatment, the emergency department also has to devote resources into investigation and prevention of COVID-19. At the beginning of the epidemic, with the strategy to intercept the chain of infection, Peking University First Hospital (PKUFH) focused on three important aspects: controlling the source of infection, cutting off the route of transmission, and protecting vulnerable populations, to expeditiously draft scientific and proper management measures for the emergency department, followed by real-time dynamic adjustments based on the development trend of the epidemic. These measures effectively ensured a smooth, orderly and safe operation of the emergency department. As of the writing of this manuscript, there has been no active COVID-19 infection in patients and medical staff in the emergency department, and no infection in patients admitted to PKUFH through the emergency department. This study describes the prevention and control measures in the emergency department of PKUFH during the outbreak of COVID-19, aiming to provide some reference for domestic and international medical institutions.

Implications of Initial Assumptions in Agri-Environmental Nitrogen Pollution Reduction Policy Design: Quasi-Empirical Evidence from Croatia

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 253-277
Author(s):  
Ozana Nadoveza Jelić
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Command And Control ◽  
Nitrogen Pollution ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Nitrogen Reduction ◽  
Cge Models ◽  
And Control

This paper aims to extend understanding of potential general equilibrium effects of nitrogen pollution reduction policies in multifunctional agriculture. Under the EU Nitrates Directive, to achieve agricultural nitrogen pollution reduction, a country can choose between (or combine) market and command-and-control measures. To deal with nitrate pollution from agricultural sources Croatia uses measures such as input regulations and management practices, rather than market-based measures. This paper evaluates welfare and macroeconomic effects of selected market and command-and-control based agricultural nitrogen reduction policies within Croatian data based CGE model. The paper highlights the importance of usual theoretical assumptions, i.e. labor market cleaning assumption and the degree of substitutability of nitrogen in agricultural production, for policy prescriptions. Namely, the results suggest that agri-environ­mental policy prescriptions largely depend upon labor market cleaning assumption and substitutability of nitrogen in agricultural production. The paper also emphasizes current limitations of CGE models for agri-environmental nitrogen reduction related policies evaluation and highlights the methodological and database development needs for future research.

Intranet as a Quality Manual in Higher Education

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Process Management ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Education Institution ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Higher Education Institution ◽  
Management Personnel ◽  
Flow Charts ◽  
Process Architecture ◽  
And Control

This study describes how the Intranet of a higher education institution can be used as a quality manual. The study is based on process management. The process architecture can be used as a structure for the Intranet. This Intranet also includes detailed process descriptions and makes them available for management, personnel, and students. The flow charts and process cards provide managers with more awareness and control over their responsibilities and ensure that the objectives and high quality can be achieved. The results of this study are useful for those who want to develop quality manuals for higher education institutions.

scholarly journals Community grid management is an important measure to contain the spread of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Ling ◽  
Xianjie Wen
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Control ◽  
Grid Management

Abstract The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia (coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)), declared as a ‘global pandemic’ by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC). The outbreak in multiple locations shows a trend of accelerating spread around the world. China has taken a series of powerful measures to contain the spread of the novel coronavirus. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in addition to actively finding effective treatment drugs and developing vaccines, it is more important to identify the source of infection at the community level as soon as possible to block the transmission path of the virus to prevent the spread of the pandemic. The implementation of grid management in the community and the adoption of precise management and control measures to reduce unnecessary personnel movement can effectively reduce the risk of pandemic spread. This paper mainly describes that the grid management mode can promote the refinement and comprehensiveness of community management. As a management system with potential to improve the governance ability of community affairs, it may be helpful to strengthen the prevention and control of the epidemic in the community.

scholarly journals Influence of observable and unobservable exposure on the patient's risk of acquiring influenza-like illness at hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (10) ◽  
pp. 2025-2030 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. PAYET ◽  
N. VOIRIN ◽  
R. ECOCHARD ◽  
P. VANHEMS
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Primary Case ◽  
Influenza Like Illness ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Influenza Transmission ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Hospital Acquired ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYDuring outbreaks of hospital-acquired influenza-like illness (HA-ILI) healthcare workers (HCWs), patients, and visitors are each a source of infection for the other. Quantifying the effects of these various exposures will help improve prevention and control of HA-ILI outbreaks. We estimated the attributability of HA-ILI to: (1) exposure to recorded or unrecorded sources; (2) exposure to contagious patient or contagious HCW; (3) exposure during observable or unobservable contagious period of the recorded sources; and, (4) the moment of exposure. Among recorded sources, 59% [95% credible interval (CrI) 34–83] of HA-ILI of patients was associated with exposure to contagious patients and 41% (95% CrI 17–66) with exposure to contagious HCWs. Exposure during the unobservable contagiousness period of source patients accounted for 49% (95% CrI 19–75) of HA-ILI, while exposure during the unobservable contagiousness period of source HCWs accounted for 82% (95% CrI 51–99) of HA-ILI. About 80% of HA-ILIs were associated with exposure 1 day earlier. Secondary cases of HA-ILI might appear as soon as the day after the detection of a primary case highlighting the explosive nature of HA-ILI spread. Unobservable transmission was the main cause of HA-ILI transmission suggesting that symptom-based control measures alone might not prevent hospital outbreaks. The results support the rapid implementation of interventions to control influenza transmission.

scholarly journals Epidemiological investigation of the Central Scotland outbreak of Escherichia coli O157 infection, November to December 1996

2001 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. COWDEN ◽  
S. AHMED ◽  
M. DONAGHY ◽  
A. RILEY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bloody Diarrhoea ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Epidemiological Investigation ◽  
Outbreak Strain ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
And Control

On Friday, 22 November 1996, the microbiologist at a hospital in Lanarkshire, Scotland, identified presumptive Escherichia coli O157 in faecal specimens submitted by three patients with bloody diarrhoea, and confirmed its presence in one. Over the next 6 h, 12 more potential cases were identified. Investigations first indicated then confirmed a single food premises as the source of infection. Effective control measures were applied promptly. The outbreak was declared over on 20 January 1997, by which time 512 cases had been identified, and infection with the outbreak strain confirmed in 279. Twenty deaths occurred in cases during the outbreak and there were two more in cases during 1997. Seventeen of these deaths resulted from the outbreak. This paper describes the outbreak's epidemiological investigation, referring to other investigations, and control measures, where appropriate.

scholarly journals The brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia spp.): III. Important features of disease management (Review paper)

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
I. J. Holb
Keyword(s):  
Disease Management ◽  
Chemical Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Fruit Crops ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Monilia Polystroma ◽  
Rot Disease

In the third part of this review, important features of disease management are summarised for brown rot fungi of fruit crops (Monilinia fructigena, Monilinia laxa, Monilinia fructicola and Monilia polystroma). Several methods of brown rot disease management practices were collected and interpreted in five main chapters. In these chapters, details are given about the legislative control measures, the cultural, physical, biological and chemical control methods. Chemical control is divided into two parts: pre-harvest and post-harvest chemical control. In addition, host resistance and fungicide resistance statuses are also included in this part of the review. Finally, future aspects of brown rot disease control are discussed.

scholarly journals Latest Effective Measures to Combat COVID-19: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Chen ◽  
Yingjie Liu ◽  
Bailiu Ya ◽  
Jiarui He ◽  
Taiyang Leng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Repeated Testing ◽  
Pandemic Preparedness ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
State Interventions ◽  
And Control

More and more people realize that implementation of preventive measures is the only option left to counteract the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) before specific antiviral drugs are developed. Hence, a number of behavioral, clinical and state interventions have been conducted by dozens of countries to stop or slow down the spread of the virus in the early stages of the epidemic. At present, with the evolution of COVID-19 pandemic getting worse, synthesizing and implementing all measures available are of paramount importance. However, some measures are still being controversial. We aimed to assist policymakers in decision making for better pandemic preparedness. We reviewed the literature that reported accumulated scientific experience to date and summarized the epidemic prevention and control measures in three aspects: control the source of infection, cut off the routes of transmission and protect the susceptible population. First of all, some new approaches were introduced to control the source of infection, such as implementing contact-tracing apps, nucleic acid mixed detection, repeated testing and the establishment of some specialized laboratories. Second, we need to take various measures to cut off all possible routes of transmission, especially persistently pay close attention to checking cold chain foods. Third, due to no valid vaccine has yet been developed, some measures that can cut development time of more conventional vaccines should be implemented or considered. By synthesizing the scientific experience in fighting the COVID-19 epidemic, we suggested the latest effective measures should be carried out concurrently from three aspects, so as to avoid making grim situation even worse.

scholarly journals Substantial undocumented infection facilitates the rapid dissemination of novel coronavirus (COVID-19)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruiyun Li ◽  
Sen Pei ◽  
Bin Chen ◽  
Yimeng Song ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Travel Restrictions ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

AbstractBackgroundEstimation of the fraction and contagiousness of undocumented novel coronavirus (COVID-19) infections is critical for understanding the overall prevalence and pandemic potential of this disease. Many mild infections are typically not reported and, depending on their contagiousness, may support stealth transmission and the spread of documented infection.MethodsHere we use observations of reported infection and spread within China in conjunction with mobility data, a networked dynamic metapopulation model and Bayesian inference, to infer critical epidemiological characteristics associated with the emerging coronavirus, including the fraction of undocumented infections and their contagiousness.ResultsWe estimate 86% of all infections were undocumented (95% CI: [82%-90%]) prior to the Wuhan travel shutdown (January 23, 2020). Per person, these undocumented infections were 52% as contagious as documented infections ([44%-69%]) and were the source of infection for two-thirds of documented cases. Our estimate of the reproductive number (2.23; [1.77-3.00]) aligns with earlier findings; however, after travel restrictions and control measures were imposed this number falls considerably.ConclusionsA majority of COVID-19 infections were undocumented prior to implementation of control measures on January 23, and these undocumented infections substantially contributed to virus transmission. These findings explain the rapid geographic spread of COVID-19 and indicate containment of this virus will be particularly challenging. Our findings also indicate that heightened awareness of the outbreak, increased use of personal protective measures, and travel restriction have been associated with reductions of the overall force of infection; however, it is unclear whether this reduction will be sufficient to stem the virus spread.

Knowledge Levels Match Control Practices of Cerebral Coenurosis by Pastoral Community in Iringa District Council, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 13-19
Author(s):  
A.M. Lupindu ◽  
J. Nzalawahe
Keyword(s):  
Intervention Program ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Pastoral Community ◽  
Knowledge Levels ◽  
Cerebral Coenurosis ◽  
And Control

Cerebral coenurosis is a disease of small ruminants which causes economic loss worldwide. Different studies in Tanzania have reported the cause, transmission, signs, prevalence, risk factors and control measures of cerebral coenurosis. Transfer of this research-based information to livestock keepers may influence practicability and efficacy of intervention. The present study aimed at assessing the knowledge levels and control practices of coenurosis by pastoralists in Iringa district. A total of 267 respondents were interviewed on livestock management practices, knowledge, losses and coping strategies of coenurosis. The average knowledge score on coenurosis detection (definition, hosts, signs, and diagnosis, including postmortem) was 90.3%. In contrast, knowledge on infection cycle and control was zero, implying that respondents were completely not informed about etiology, transmission and control of coenurosis. Involvement of dogs in coenurosis cycle was not known to respondents such that they all gave head of sheep and goats to dogs while 82.8% had never dewormed their dogs. About 83% of respondents experienced at least, one cases of coenurosis in the last 12 months. There was no formal coenurosis control program, but heating the head of sick animal with hot iron, selling, slaughter, treatment with antibiotics, or local herbs and doing nothing were the reported management strategies. Lack of knowledge on the cause, transmission and control of cerebral coenurosis may be associated with inappropriate animal management and control of coenurosis in pastoral community in Iringa rural District, including transmission facilitating practices. A coenurosis training package is recommended to farmers before intervention program is instituted.

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