One Eye is Usually Centred Horizontally (and near the Golden Section Vertically) in Portraits over the Past 500 Years

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 18-18
Author(s):  
C W Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single Person

Although the eyes are a key feature of facial portraits, compositional rules for the placement of the eyes relative to the frame are obscure. Two hypotheses of eye position in the portrait frame were compared: that the pair of eyes were symmetrically placed or that one eye was centred in the frame. Portraits were defined as paintings of a single person from the waist up without other dominant objects or animals in the scene. From all artists represented in seven source-books on portraiture over the past five centuries (eg from van Eyck to Picasso), the first portrait in which both eyes were visible was analysed (170 portraits). Horizontal and vertical eye and mouth positions were measured as a proportion of frame width and height. The eyes in portraits tend to cluster horizontally around the centre vertical, with one eye centred in a normal distribution with a sigma of only ±5% of the frame width. The binocular mean had a bimodal distribution implying that one or other eye was usually centred. Conversely, the eye height distribution was not centred vertically but peaked close to the classic golden ratio of 0.618 (where the smaller portion has the same ratio to the larger as does the larger to the whole), with virtually no eyes below the vertical centre. The mouth distribution was much broader than that of the centred eye. The eye centring with an accuracy of ∼1 eye width seems not to be mentioned in art criticism, which suggests that unconscious functions operate in our aesthetic judgements.

scholarly journals Prolonged sub-luminous state of the new transitional pulsar candidate CXOU J110926.4−650224

2019 ◽  
Vol 622 ◽  
pp. A211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Coti Zelati ◽  
Alessandro Papitto ◽  
Domitilla de Martino ◽  
David A. H. Buckley ◽  
Alida Odendaal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Optical Emission ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
Photon Index ◽  
Multi Wavelength ◽  
Absorbed Power

We report on a multi-wavelength study of the unclassified X-ray source CXOU J110926.4−650224 (J1109). We identified the optical counterpart as a blue star with a magnitude of ∼20.1 (3300–10500 Å). The optical emission was variable on timescales from hundreds to thousands of seconds. The spectrum showed prominent emission lines with variable profiles at different epochs. Simultaneous XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations revealed a bimodal distribution of the X-ray count rates on timescales as short as tens of seconds, as well as sporadic flaring activity. The average broad-band (0.3–79 keV) spectrum was adequately described by an absorbed power law model with photon index of Γ = 1.63  ±  0.01 (at 1σ c.l.), and the X-ray luminosity was (2.16  ±  0.04)  ×  1034 erg s−1 for a distance of 4 kpc. Based on observations with different instruments, the X-ray luminosity has remained relatively steady over the past ∼15 years. J1109 is spatially associated with the gamma-ray source FL8Y J1109.8−6500, which was detected with Fermi at an average luminosity of (1.5  ±  0.2)  ×  1034 erg s−1 (assuming the distance of J1109) over the 0.1–300 GeV energy band between 2008 and 2016. The source was undetected during ATCA radio observations that were simultaneous with NuSTAR, down to a 3σ flux upper limit of 18 μJy beam−1 (at 7.25 GHz). We show that the phenomenological properties of J1109 point to a binary transitional pulsar candidate currently in a sub-luminous accretion disk state, and that the upper limits derived for the radio emission are consistent with the expected radio luminosity for accreting neutron stars at similar X-ray luminosities.

Mechanism behind the Beauty: The Golden Ratio Appeared in the Shape of Red Blood Cells

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 559-569
Author(s):  
Xue-Jun Zhang ◽  
Zhong-Can Ou-Yang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Spontaneous Curvature ◽  
Rigorous Solution ◽  
Physical Fitness Test ◽  
The Past ◽  
Characteristic Radius

AbstractIn the past two decades, a rigorous solution for the shape of human red blood cell (RBC) with a negative spontaneous curvature c0 has been derived with the Helfrich model under the condition that both the osmotic pressure Δp and tensile stress λ are equal to zero. By fitting the experimentally observed shape of RBC, c0R0 has been predicted to be –1.62, theminus golden ratio, where R0 is the radius of a sphere which has the same surface area as RBC. In this paper, we verify this prediction by comparing experimental data with an analytical equation describing the relation between volume and surface area. Furthermore, it is also found ρmax /ρB ≈ 1.6 with ρmax the maximal radius and ρB the characteristic radius of RBC, showing an approximate beautiful golden cross section of RBC. On the basis of a complete numerical calculation, we propose a mechanism behind the beauty of the minus golden ratio that c0R0 results from the balance between the minimization of the surface area and the requirement of adequate deformability of RBC to allow it passing through the spleen, the so called “physical fitness test”.

scholarly journals STUDYING THE HUMAN SCALE AND PROPORTIONALITY OF MOSQUE BUILDINGS: SOME SELECTED CASE STUDIES IN ERBIL CITY

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 129-136
Author(s):  
Faris Ali Mustafa ◽  
Saya Jamal Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Sense Of Place ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Islamic Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Human Scale ◽  
New Generation

Human scale and proportion have an important role in building design as they provide and create aesthetics and sense of place. In architecture, the human scale and proportion are based on the dimensions and proportions of the human body. The mosque is an important institution of Islam and is considered as a symbol of Islamic architecture. Also, it is a place of spiritual connection with God. This study aimed at addressing whether the human scale and proportionality have been used in mosques in the past and present. The objective of this research is to show if mosques in Erbil city built in different periods were concentrated on human scale and proportion to achieve aesthetic and comfort inside its prayer halls. To achieve it, three cases (the Great Mosque of Erbil Citadel, Rashad Mufty Mosque, and Madina Mnawara Mosque) were selected. The golden ratio was used as a technique method to measure and to see if the human scale and proportion were applied. From the three selected mosques, results show that none of them used the golden ratio completely in their designs. The highest value of golden ratio was achieved in the prayer hall of Rashad Mufty mosque with (82%) and the Great Mosque of Erbil citadel with (74%) consequently, while only 61% of the golden ratio was achieved in Madina Mnawara mosque. This study prompts the new generation of architects in Erbil city to consider human scale and proportionality through the application of a certain method, such as the golden ratio in the design of buildings in general and mosque buildings in particular. 

scholarly journals PROPORTIONS IN ARCHITECTURE

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 126-133
Author(s):  
Minakshi Rajput Singh
Keyword(s):  
Complex Geometry ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Golden Ratio ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe

The uniqueness of His creation is reflected in different fields of life by the great masters throughout the ages that have born with the formation of the universe, from the big bang, till times still to come. Special ratio that can be used to describe the proportions of everything from nature’s smallest building blocks, such as atoms, to the most advanced patterns in the universe, such as unimaginably large celestial bodies. One of the key evidences presented for creation is the recurring appearance of the Divine proportion, or golden section, throughout the design of the human body and other life forms. An attempt has been made to relate Sri yantra and golden ratio and the various forms that seem to exemplify in the plan and elevation of the Indian temple. The yantra which is a complex geometry has been perfected to be used for the development of temple forms of different eras. The following paper will be a tool for the researchers to use the yantra in deriving the spaces of Indian temples.

Le « Musée de poche »: collection productrice d'un patrimoine artistique

2019 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-395
Author(s):  
Colette Leinman
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Contemporary Art ◽  
Art Criticism ◽  
Socialist Realism ◽  
Abstract Art ◽  
Discursive Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Art Writing ◽  
The Future ◽  
Post War

In 1955 a polychrome and affordable collection of writers' biographies was created, allowing a large and young audience to easily access contemporary art, especially abstract art. This is hardly a given in the context of post-war, where the return to classical French aesthetics clashes with Socialist Realism. This study of ‘The Pocket Museum’ (1955–1965), shows how the collection fits into art writing, between art criticism and poetic writing, and how it enables the reader to discover abstract works. An ideal place for mediation and transmission, the collection, as an editorial strategy, helps to transform these new aesthetic creations into a national cultural heritage. Through a discursive analysis of ten books from the collection, three processes that have contributed to the promotion of abstract art are highlighted: the legitimacy of the author's discourse, whether he is an art critic, a poet, writer or journalist; the representation of the artist in question, whose difficult path is both stereotyped and singular, but always valorized; and finally, a series of analogies between abstract art and nature or comparisons with music, or else metaphorical expressions manifesting the ‘collapse of time’ where the universality of abstract art is part of the past, the present and the future.

Devices for the Mathematics Classroom: Golden Section Compasses

1954 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-339
Author(s):  
Margaret Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Line Segment ◽  
Mathematics Classroom ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Golden Ratio

Suppose one desires to construct a rectangle which will have pleasing proportions. What should the ratio of the sides be? The ancient Greeks’ answer to this question was that the base and altitude should be in the same ratio as the two parts of a line segment divided in extreme and mean ratio. As the reader probably knows, this division is the famous Golden Section of a line segment, and the ratio in question is sometimes referred to as the golden ratio.

scholarly journals The Influence of Hemoglobin Concentration on the Distribution Pattern of the Volumes of Human Erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT I. WEED ◽  
ANTHONY J. BOWDLER
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Gaussian Distribution ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Volume Distribution ◽  
Normal Human

Abstract 1. Studies of the volume distributions of normal human, canine, and chicken erythrocytes through the use of a Model B Coulter electronic particle counter and plotter of 400 channel analyzer have confirmed that the instrument provides a true reflection of cell volume, independent of the conductivity of the medium, independent of the shape of the erythrocyte, independent of the buffers, and independent of the anticoagulants employed. 2. The non-Gaussian distribution pattern of normal human cells has been confirmed, but no evidence has been found for a distinct bimodal distribution pattern in cells which have been freshly collected, pipetted, and examined. 3. Swelling of human erythrocytes in 0.5 per cent NaCl alters the volume distribution pattern to that of a normal distribution, and the distribution pattern of hemoglobin-free ghosts in 1 per cent NaCl is more nearly symmetric than that of normal intact red cells in 1 per cent NaCl. 4. The Gaussian distribution of erythrocyte volumes in 0.5 per cent NaCl suggests a normal distribution pattern for both the critical volume and ionic content of red cells. 5. The asymmetry of red cell volume distribution at the tonicity of plasma appears related to higher intracellular osmotic activity in the smaller cells, based on the anomalous osmotic coefficient of hemoglobin. It is suggested, therefore, that skewing of the curve is related to asymmetry of the distribution pattern at the lower end of the volume spectrum, rather than the upper end.

scholarly journals Numerical and Statistical Analyses of Tsunami Heights with the L-Moments Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5517
Author(s):  
Cheol Kang ◽  
Koo-Yong Park ◽  
Yong-Sik Cho
Keyword(s):  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Generalized Pareto Distribution ◽  
Height Distribution ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Tsunami Height ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
L Moments ◽  
Log Normal ◽  
Log Normal Distribution ◽  
Best Fit

As devastating and unpredictable tsunamis generated by underwater earthquakes are occurring more frequently, the need for tsunami disaster prevention measures is rapidly increasing. In this study, tsunami heights were estimated, and the best-fit distribution was examined through a combination of numerical analyses and statistical methods. A numerical model was employed to estimate the tsunami heights, and the parameters were estimated using the method of L-moments applied to the estimated tsunami heights. The best-fit distribution was determined by applying the estimated parameters to the L-moment ratio diagram. The study areas were the Imwon Port and the Sadong Port located in the eastern part of the Korean Peninsula. The tsunami height distribution was represented by a log-normal distribution for the Imwon Port, whereas the distribution was represented by a generalized Pareto distribution for the Sadong Port. The study indicates that the distribution most commonly suggested by previous studies, i.e., the log-normal distribution, is not always accurate. Therefore, when performing statistical analysis on tsunami heights, the assumption of a log-normal distribution should be considered carefully.

Consciousness and Synchronic Identity

Dialogue ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-530
Author(s):  
Carl Matheson
Keyword(s):  
Personal Identity ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Unity Of Consciousness ◽  
The Past ◽  
Single Person ◽  
Branching Problem

The question “What makes a group of simultaneous experiences the experiences of a single person?” has been nearly ignored in the philosophical literature for the past few decades. The most common answer (e.g., Parfit 1984) to this much neglected question is “Two simultaneous experiences belong to a single person if there is a common consciousness or awareness of them.” However, consciousness and awareness are difficult concepts to analyze, so that little of substance has been said of the answer. Recently, Oaklander has argued that the awareness answer is deficient for a different reason, claiming that it fails because “it ultimately rests on an analysis of the unity of consciousness that is itself circular or otherwise inadequate” Oaklander 1987, p. 525). Oaklander's criticism is especially interesting because, according to it, the awareness account of synchronic personal identity falls prey to the main problem facing the memory (or psychological connectedness) account of diachronic identity, namely the problem of branching. In this paper, I shall argue that there is no important symmetry. Whatever its other flaws may be, the awareness account is immune to the branching problem; its immunity is due to formal differences between synchronic and diachronic identity.

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