In Congenital Nystagmats, Reading Text with Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) Reduces Mean Eye Velocity

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 73-73
Author(s):  
K Aquilante ◽  
H Wyatt ◽  
D Yager
Keyword(s):  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Congenital Nystagmus ◽  
Half Height ◽  
Full Page ◽  
Infrared Reflection ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
Eye Velocity ◽  
Made In

Most low-vision subjects read text faster from an RSVP display than they do with full PAGE reading. This result has been confirmed with a group of subjects with congenital nystagmus (Plass and Yager, 1995, paper presented at ARVO). The present experiment was intended to determine whether reading with RSVP also reduced the severity of the nystagmus, which may have contributed to the faster reading rates. Eye position and velocity of congenital nystagmats were recorded with an infrared reflection technique, sampled at 40 s−1. Recordings were made in three conditions: (1) passively viewing a blank computer monitor; (2) silently reading full PAGE text at a size of approximately four times Snellen acuity; (3) silently reading RSVP text at the same size, at about 200 words min−1. We found that: (1) in frequency histograms of instantaneous eye velocities at 25 ms intervals, the full width at half height was an average of 60% smaller for RSVP reading compared to PAGE; (2) with a window of ±5 to 20 deg s−1, depending on the subject's baseline eye velocity, the number of epochs that were at least 75 ms in length, and the total time in these epochs, were significantly greater during RSVP reading than during PAGE reading or viewing a blank screen. We conclude that reading with RSVP reduces nystagmus, and may contribute to greater reading speed.

Text Font Affects Reading Speed at a Low Luminance but Not at a High Luminance

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 51-51
Author(s):  
D Yager ◽  
K Aquilante ◽  
R Plass
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Field ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
High Luminance ◽  
Low Luminance ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Parameter Values

We are beginning a series of studies in which we shall investigate which characteristics of text fonts may be successful in allowing text to be read with different kinds of degradations that may be experienced by low-vision patients. As a first attempt to simulate one of the problems that certain patients might have, we measured reading speeds with two proportionally spaced fonts at a high photopic luminance (146 cd m−2) and at a very low luminance (0.146 cd m−2). We used the RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) reading method, which eliminates the need for scanning eye movements. The two fonts were ‘Swiss’, a simple sans-serif font, and ‘Dutch’, a serif font similar to Times Roman, both presented at the 20/80 size; letters were white on black, with a contrast of 0.94. Subjects were young, normally sighted high-school and optometry-college students. The reading speed results from 47 subjects were as follows, for four conditions: high luminance, Swiss 531 and Dutch 540 words min−1; low luminance, Swiss 479 and Dutch 429 words min−1. At the high luminance, there is no significant difference between reading rates. There is a significant advantage for the Swiss font at the low luminance: p=0.005. There may be a significant difference in reading speed with different fonts when the patient's perceptions are degraded by disease and/or aging processes. Other parameters to be investigated with this method include contrast, size, blur, and visual field position. The simulation results will suggest parameter values to test on low-vision patients.

scholarly journals Reconciling print-size and display-size constraints on reading

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30276-30284
Author(s):  
Nilsu Atilgan ◽  
Ying-Zi Xiong ◽  
Gordon E. Legge
Keyword(s):  
Display Size ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Size Constraints ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Dual Constraints ◽  
Digital Formats ◽  
Print Size

Two fundamental constraints limit the number of characters in text that can be displayed at one time—print size and display size. These dual constraints conflict in two important situations—when people with normal vision read text on small digital displays, and when people with low vision read magnified text. Here, we describe a unified framework for evaluating the joint impact of these constraints on reading performance. We measured reading speed as a function of print size for three digital formats (laptop, tablet, and cellphone) for 30 normally sighted and 10 low-vision participants. Our results showed that a minimum number of characters per line is required to achieve a criterion of 80% of maximum reading speed: 13 characters for normally sighted and eight characters for low-vision readers. This critical number of characters is nearly constant across font and display format. Possible reasons for this required number of characters are discussed. Combining these character count constraints with the requirements for adequate print size reveals that an individual’s use of a small digital display or the need for magnified print can shrink or entirely eliminate the range of print size necessary for achieving maximum reading speed.

Text Formatting Effects in Speed Reading

1980 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-319
Author(s):  
Anita V. Kak ◽  
James L. Knight
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Visual Scanning ◽  
Page Layout ◽  
Low Speed ◽  
Speed Reading ◽  
Full Page ◽  
Scanning Strategies ◽  
Text Page

Text page-layout may influence both reading speed and comprehension. Available data obtained from low-speed readers suggests a superiority for two-column format over full-page format. As reading speed increases, visual scanning strategies change. The appropriateness of layouts designed for low-speed strategies are evaluated in the context of high-speed reading.

Does Inverting Text Improve Reading Performance in Homonymous Hemianopes?

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 77-77
Author(s):  
M R Baker ◽  
J Henderson ◽  
A Hill
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Visual Field Loss ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Sensory Level ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Cognitive Component ◽  
The Right

Anecdotal information from rehabilitation practice of reading performance and low-vision practice suggests that where right homonymous parafoveal field loss impairs reading at the visual-sensory level, an improvement in reading speed can be achieved by inverting the text. This is because whilst left-field loss is considered to impair return eye movements to the beginning of a line, right-field loss is considered to reduce the spatial size of the perceptual window and increase its temporal extent by prolonging fixations times, reducing the amplitudes of saccades to the right, and introducing frequent regressive saccades. Inverting the text was thought to reverse these effects as the leading edge of the perceptual window is ‘returned’ to the sighted field so that in-line saccades can be visually guided. Here we report that this does not appear to be the case. In our study we measured the eye movements of patients with right homonymous hemianopia and others with peripheral loss due to retinitis pigmentosa as well as normal controls using an infrared video eye-tracker. All groups display a similar proportional prolongation of fixations times, reduction of saccadic amplitude, and proportion of regressive saccades when asked to read inverted text, which suggests a cognitive component of impairment independent of visual field loss in right homonymous hemianopes.

scholarly journals Psychophysics of reading—XIII. Predictors of magnifier-aided reading speed in low vision

1995 ◽  
Vol 35 (13) ◽  
pp. 1931-1938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia J. Ahn ◽  
Gordon E. Ledge
Keyword(s):  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed

scholarly journals Reading performances of low vision children after using low vision aid

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 534-537
Author(s):  
Zorica Toncic ◽  
Natasa Jovovic ◽  
Nada Sakotic ◽  
Veselinka Milovic ◽  
Katarina Janicijevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Optic Nerve Atrophy ◽  
Stargardt Disease ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
A Prospective Study

Introduction/Objective. The objectives of the paper are to assess the causes of low vision (LV) in pediatric population in Montenegro and to evaluate the influence of low vision aids (LVA) on reading performance regarding the speed of reading and the understanding of the read text. Methods. A prospective study was conducted on 40 ?treatable? LV children what represent all registered LV children in Montenegro. All participants read the same text before and after using LVA. Reading rate was calculated as the number of words read per minute. Functional speed of reading was calculated as the ratio of the rate of reading and the understanding of the read text multiplied by 100. Results. The study comprised 40 LV children with the mean age of 12.60 ? 4.06 years (20 boys and 20 girls). The most common cause of LV in children were premature retinopathy (10/40 or 25%), retinitis pigmentosa (8/40 or 20%), optic nerve anomaly (5/40 or 13%), degenerative myopia (4/40 or 10%), macular dysgenesis (4/40 or 10%), Stargardt disease (3/40 or 7%), optic nerve atrophy (2/40 or 5%), and albinism (2/40 or 5%). Nystagmus was found in 11 LV children or 28% of the group. LVA were prescribed to all of them. Reading speed before vs. after LVA use was 36.58 ? 35.60 vs. 73.83 ? 27.05 words/minute (p < 0.001), while functional reading was 26.00 ? 30.43 vs. 59.41 ? 29.34 (p < 0.001). Conclusion. LV children demonstrate a significant improvement in reading performance by using LVA.

scholarly journals Simulating Visibility and Reading Performance in Low Vision

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Zi Xiong ◽  
Quan Lei ◽  
Aurélie Calabrèse ◽  
Gordon E. Legge
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Digital Text ◽  
Reading Acuity ◽  
Vision Simulation ◽  
Print Size ◽  
Better Than

PurposeLow vision reduces text visibility and causes difficulties in reading. A valid low-vision simulation could be used to evaluate the accessibility of digital text for readers with low vision. We examined the validity of a digital simulation for replicating the text visibility and reading performance of low-vision individuals.MethodsLow-vision visibility was modeled with contrast sensitivity functions (CSFs) with parameters to represent reduced acuity and contrast sensitivity. Digital filtering incorporating these CSFs were applied to digital versions of the Lighthouse Letter Acuity Chart and the Pelli-Robson Contrast Sensitivity Chart. Reading performance (reading acuity, critical print size, and maximum reading speed) was assessed with filtered versions of the MNREAD reading acuity Chart. Thirty-six normally sighted young adults completed chart testing under normal and simulated low-vision conditions. Fifty-eight low-vision subjects (thirty with macular pathology and twenty-eight with non-macular pathology) and fifteen normally sighted older subjects completed chart testing with their habitual viewing. We hypothesized that the performance of the normally sighted young adults under simulated low-vision conditions would match the corresponding performance of actual low-vision subjects.ResultsWhen simulating low-vision conditions with visual acuity better than 1.50 logMAR (Snellen 20/630) and contrast sensitivity better than 0.15 log unit, the simulation adequately reduced the acuity and contrast sensitivity in normally sighted young subjects to the desired low-vision levels. When performing the MNREAD test with simulated low vision, the normally sighted young adults had faster maximum reading speed than both the Non-macular and Macular groups, by an average of 0.07 and 0.12 log word per minute, respectively. However, they adequately replicated the reading acuity as well as the critical print size, up to 2.00 logMAR of both low-vision groups.ConclusionA low-vision simulation based on clinical measures of visual acuity and contrast sensitivity can provide good estimates of reading performance and the accessibility of digital text for a broad range of low-vision conditions.

scholarly journals Binocular Reading Speed with Increased Vertical and Horizontal Word Spacing in Normal and Low Vision

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (20B) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dipali Satani ◽  
Aloe Gupta ◽  
Vikas Patel ◽  
Brinda Shah ◽  
Atanu Samanta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed

scholarly journals Training of vertical versus horizontal reading in patients with hemianopia – a randomized and controlled study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kuester-Gruber ◽  
P. Kabisch ◽  
A. Cordey ◽  
H.-O. Karnath ◽  
S. Trauzettel-Klosinski
Keyword(s):  
Essential Role ◽  
Reading Speed ◽  
Vertical Direction ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Vertical Orientation ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
Main Outcome Variable ◽  
Printed Text

Abstract Hypothesis Patients with hemianopic field defects (HFD) might benefit from reading text in vertical orientation if they place the text in the seeing hemifield along the vertical midline. Methods We assigned 21 patients with HFD randomly to either vertical or horizontal reading training. They trained reading single lines of texts from a computer screen at home for 2 × 30 min/day, 5 days/week, for 4 weeks. The main outcome variable was reading speed (RS) during reading standardized paragraphs of printed text (IReST) aloud. RS was assessed before training (T1), directly after training (T2) and 4 weeks later (T3). Quality of life (QoL) was assessed by Impact of Visual Impairment (IVI) questionnaire. Results Vertical training improved RS in the vertical direction significantly. Only patients with right HFD benefited. Horizontal training improved RS in horizontal diection significantly, but much more in patients with left than in those with right HFD. Both effects remained stable at T3. RS during training at the computer improved highly significantly and correlated strongly with RS of printed text (Pearson r= > 0.9). QoL: Vertical training showed a statistically significant improvement in the complete IVI-score, patients with right HFD in the emotional IVI-score. Conclusions The improvements of RS were specific for the training. The stable effect indicates that the patients can apply the newly learned strategies to everyday life. The side of the HFD plays an essential role: Left-HFD patients benefitted from horizontal training, right-HFD patients from vertical training. However, the vertical RS did not reach the level of horizontal RS. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00018843).

Low-Vision Reading Speed: Influences of Linguistic Inference and Aging

2006 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 166-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
SARAH M. SASS ◽  
GORDON E. LEGGE ◽  
HYE-WON LEE
Keyword(s):  
Low Vision ◽  
Reading Speed
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