Visual Judgments of Kinship: An Alternative Perspective

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6916 ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 40 (11) ◽  
pp. 1282-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludovica Lorusso ◽  
Gavin Brelstaff ◽  
Linda Brodo ◽  
Andrea Lagorio ◽  
Enrico Grosso
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Complex Character ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Selective Suppression ◽  
Alternative Perspective ◽  
Dissimilarity Judgment ◽  
Cultural Conditioning ◽  
New Framework

Following other researchers, we investigated the premise that visual judgment of kinship might be modelled as a signal-detection task, strictly related to similar facial features. We measured subjects' response times to face-pair stimuli while they performed visual judgments of kinship, similarity, or dissimilarity, and examined some priming effects involved. Our results show that kinship judgment takes longer on average than either similarity or dissimilarity judgment—which is compatible with existing models, yet might also suggest that kinship judgments are of a more complex character. In our priming study we observed selective suppression/enhancement of the efficacy of dissimilarity judgments whenever they followed similarity and kinship judgments. This finding confounds the notion, inherent in previous models, of resemblance cues signalling for kinship, since similarity and dissimilarity cannot be considered just as opposite concepts, and observed priming effects need to be explicitly modelled, including dissimilarity cues. To model kinship judgments across faces that are perceived as dissimilar, a new framework may be required, perhaps accepting the perspective of a task-driven use of the visual cues, modulated by experience and cultural conditioning.

scholarly journals On the Complexity of Visual Judgement of Kinship

i-Perception ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 204166951984164
Author(s):  
Linda Brodo ◽  
Enrico Grosso
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Complex Process ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Face Stimuli ◽  
Basic Ability ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
New Framework

Discrimination of close relatives is a basic ability of humans, with demonstrated and important consequences in social and sexual behaviours. In this article, we investigate the visual judgement of kinship, that is the process of discriminating relatives based on visual cues and, in particular, on facial resemblance. Starting from triplets of face stimuli, we focus on a simple two-alternative forced choice protocol and we ask participants to evaluate kinship, similarity, or dissimilarity. Response times of the participants performing these visual judgements are recorded and further analysed. The analysis can also benefit from previous findings on the adopted face data set; in particular, results are compared with reference to an independently generated and statistically reliable similarity index, which is available for each possible considered pair of images. Our results confirm previous findings stating that kinship and similarity judgements are closely related and take longer, on average, than dissimilarity judgement. Moreover, they confirm that similarity and dissimilarity cannot be considered just as opposite concepts, and strongly support the existence of different pathways for similarity and dissimilarity judgements. Concerning kinship judgements, results confirm the assumption, inherent in previous models, of a close relationship between cues signalling for kinship and cues signalling for similarity but suggest the existence of a more complex process, where dissimilarity cues need to be explicitly included in order to model measured effects. Our results reinforce the idea that modulation mechanisms between similarity and dissimilarity measures could explain selective suppression or enhancement effects reported in previous works. A new framework is thus proposed hypothesising that kinship recognition is the result of a balanced evaluation of both similar or dissimilar pathways.

Language context effects on interlingual homograph recognition: evidence from event-related potentials and response times in semantic priming

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R. A. de Bruijn ◽  
Ton Dijkstra ◽  
Dorothee J. Chwilla ◽  
Herbert J. Schriefers
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Priming ◽  
Context Effects ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Semantic Integration ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
On Line

Dutch–English bilinguals performed a generalized lexical decision task on triplets of items, responding with “yes” if all three items were correct Dutch and/or English words, and with “no” if one or more of the items was not a word in either language. Sometimes the second item in a triplet was an interlingual homograph whose English meaning was semantically related to the third item of the triplet (e.g., HOUSE – ANGEL – HEAVEN, where ANGEL means “sting” in Dutch). In such cases, the first item was either an exclusively English (HOUSE) or an exclusively Dutch (ZAAK) word. Semantic priming effects were found in on-line response times. Event-related potentials that were recorded simultaneously showed N400 priming effects thought to reflect semantic integration processes. The response time and N400 priming effects were not affected by the language of the first item in the triplets, providing evidence in support of a strong bottom-up role with respect to bilingual word recognition. The results are interpreted in terms of the Bilingual Interactive Activation model, a language nonselective access model assuming bottom-up priority.

scholarly journals Age differences in the use of implicit visual cues in a response time task

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Angelo Barela ◽  
Anselmo A Rocha ◽  
Andrew R Novak ◽  
Job Fransen ◽  
Gabriella A Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Background: Many activities require a complex interrelationship between a performer and stimuli available in the environment without explicit perception, but many aspects regarding developmental changes in the use of implicit cues remain unknown. Aim: To investigate the use of implicit visual precueing presented at different time intervals in children, adolescents, and adults. Method: Seventy-two people, male and female, constituted four age groups: 8-, 10- and 12-year-olds and adults. Participants performed 32 trials, four-choice-time task across four conditions: no precue and a 43 ms centralized dot appearing in the stimulus circle at 43, 86 or 129 ms prior the stimulus. Response times were obtained for each trial and pooled into each condition. Results: Response times for 8-year-olds were longer than for 12-year-olds and adults and for 10-year-olds were longer than for adults. Response times were longer in the no precue condition compared to when precues were presented at 86 and 129 ms before the stimulus. Response times were longer when precue was presented at 43 ms compared presented at 129 ms before the stimulus. Interpretation: Implicit precues reduce response time in children, adolescents and adults, but young children benefit less from implicit precues than adolescents and adults.

scholarly journals Automatic Responses to Acoustically Rough Intervals: Evidence from a Word Evaluation task

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Edward Armitage ◽  
Imre Lahdelma ◽  
Tuomas Eerola
Keyword(s):  
Response Times ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Evaluation Task ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Affective Priming Task ◽  
Simple Cognitive Task

The aim of the present study is to determine which acoustic components of harmonic consonance and dissonance influence automatic responses in a simple cognitive task. In a series of experiments, ten musical interval pairs were used to measure the influence of acoustic roughness and harmonicity on response times in an affective priming task conducted online. There was a significant correlation between the difference of roughness for each pair of intervals and a response time index. Harmonicity did not influence response times on the cognitive task. More detailed analysis suggests that the presence of priming in intervals is binary: in the negative primes that create congruency effects the intervals’ fundamentals and overtones coincide within the same equivalent rectangular bandwidth (i.e. the minor and major seconds). Intervals that fall outside this equivalent rectangular bandwidth do not elicit priming effects, regardless of their dissonance or cultural conventions of negative affect. The results are discussed in the context of recent developments in consonance/dissonance research and vocal similarity.

scholarly journals Critical Features for Face Recognition

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naphtali Abudarham ◽  
Lior Shkiller ◽  
Galit Yovel
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Deep Neural Network ◽  
Recognition Algorithm ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Perceptual Representation ◽  
Familiar Face ◽  
Perceptual Representations ◽  
Unfamiliar Faces ◽  
New Framework

Face recognition is a computationally challenging task that humans perform effortlessly. Nonetheless, this remarkable ability is limited to familiar faces and does not generalize to unfamiliar faces. To account for humans’ superior ability to recognize familiar faces, current theories suggest that familiar and unfamiliar faces have different perceptual representations. In the current study, we applied a reverse engineering approach to reveal which facial features are critical for familiar face recognition. In contrast to current views, we discovered that the same subset of features that are used for matching unfamiliar faces, are also used for matching as well as recognition of familiar faces. We further show that these features are also used by a deep neural network face recognition algorithm. We therefore propose a new framework that assumes similar perceptual representation for all faces and integrates cognition and perception to account for humans’ superior recognition of familiar faces.

scholarly journals Faces and Orientational Metaphors: The Effects of Valenced Faces and Facial Manipulations on Neutral Targets

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Sara C. Moshenrose
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Response Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vertical Position ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Happy Face ◽  
Computer Screen ◽  
Photographic Images ◽  
Neutral Face ◽  
Response Task

<p>Previous research has shown that there may be an association between affect (negative vs. positive) and vertical position (up vs. down) of stimuli. The following research aimed to investigate whether individuals show spatial biases, either up or down, when asked to respond to neutral targets after seeing valenced faces. The research also aimed to investigate what impact manipulating automatic facial mimicry responses would have on response times. The research was conducted over three experiments. In Experiment 1, participants responded to neutral targets in either high or low vertical positions on a computer screen that were preceded by happy and sad schematic faces. There were two facial manipulation conditions. One group held a straw between their lips to inhibit smiling and another group held a straw between their teeth to facilitate smiling. A third group performed the response task without a straw (control condition). The procedure of Experiment 2 was identical to Experiment 1 except the happy and sad schematic faces had additional internal facial features (noses, eyebrows) that varied across trials. For both Experiment 1 and 2, targets preceded by a happy face were responded to significantly faster. In Experiment 3, the procedure was identical to Experiments 1 and 2, except photographic images of happy, neutral, and sad expressions were used. Participants were significantly faster to respond to targets in the high vertical position. Participants were also faster to respond to targets in the control (no straw) condition than the other two straw conditions. In the inhibition smiling condition, participants were faster to respond to targets in the high vertical position than low vertical position after seeing a happy or neutral face. These findings indicate that there may be an association between valenced faces and vertical selective attention that is consistent with orientational metaphors (positive = up), but further research is needed to clarify this.</p>

scholarly journals Parent–offspring facial resemblance increases with age in rhesus macaques

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1886) ◽  
pp. 20181208 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahita J. N. Kazem ◽  
Yvonne Barth ◽  
Dana Pfefferle ◽  
Lars Kulik ◽  
Anja Widdig
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Inclusive Fitness ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Social Familiarity ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Fitness Benefits

Kin recognition is a key ability which facilitates the acquisition of inclusive fitness benefits and enables optimal outbreeding. In primates, phenotype matching is considered particularly important for the recognition of patrilineal relatives, as information on paternity is unlikely to be available via social familiarity. Phenotypic cues to both paternal and maternal relatedness exist in the facial features of humans and other primates. However, theoretical models suggest that in systems with uncertainty parentage it may be adaptive for offspring to conceal such cues when young, in order to avoid potential costs of being discriminated against by unrelated adults. Using experienced human raters, we demonstrate in a computer-based task that detection of parent–offspring resemblances in the faces of rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) increases significantly with offspring age. Moreover, this effect is specific to information about kinship, as raters were extremely successful at discriminating individuals even among the youngest animals. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence in non-humans for the age-dependent expression of visual cues used in kin recognition.

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