Depth and Motion in Historical Descriptions of Motion Parallax

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5232 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1263-1273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ono ◽  
Nicholas J Wade
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Contemporary Research

Motion parallax was described as a cue to depth over 300 years ago and as producing apparent motion over 150 years ago. In recent years, experimental interest in motion parallax has increased, following the rediscovery of the idea that stimulus motion can be yoked to head movement. We compare the historical descriptions with some contemporary research, which indicates how depth and motion perception are dependent on the conditions of stimulation.

Two Stages for Depth Integration of Motion Parallax

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 163-163
Author(s):  
H Ujike ◽  
S Saida
Keyword(s):  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
Motion Threshold ◽  
Sinusoidal Gratings ◽  
Two Stages

Motion parallax has been shown to be a principal cue for depth perception under monocular viewing. The simulated depth of stimuli in previous studies has been constant in both magnitude and direction. In the present study we addressed the question how the visual system detects parallactic depth change. To answer this we investigated the temporal characteristics of parallactic depth change and the effect of a motion signal on them. The stimulus consisted of four bands of 15-cycle sinusoidal gratings and parallactic depth was simulated between each band. In experiment 1, we measured the amount of perceived depth change with different frequencies (0.125 to 10 Hz) of simulated depth change and with different velocities (2.5 to 40 cm s−1) of head movements. The result showed the perceived depth change decreased with frequency of depth change, and it increased with head velocity when the frequency was constant. In experiment 2, we measured the motion threshold with different velocities of head movement. The result showed the threshold was constant across different head velocities. In experiment 3, we measured the amount of perceived depth using apparent motion stimuli with the head moving. The result showed depth decreased with SOA of apparent motion stimuli, but there was no effect of different head velocities. The results of these three experiments indicate that parallactic depth change is determined by the duration of simulated depth, which corresponds to the integration time of motion, as well as by the extent of head movement. We conclude that parallactic depth is integrated in two stages: first, integration of motion and, second, integration of motion parallax.

Motion Parallax Driven by Head Movements: Conditions for Visual Stability, Perceived Depth, and Perceived Concomitant Motion

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5221 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Ono ◽  
Hiroyasu Ujike
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Head Movement ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Visual Stability ◽  
Movement Velocity ◽  
Motion Threshold ◽  
Perceived Motion

Yoking the movement of the stimulus on the screen to the movement of the head, we examined visual stability and depth perception as a function of head-movement velocity and parallax. In experiment 1, for different head velocities, observers adjusted the parallax to find (a) the depth threshold and (b) the concomitant-motion threshold. Between these thresholds, depth was seen with no perceived motion. In experiment 2, for different head velocities, observers adjusted the parallax to produce the same perceived depth. A slower head movement required a greater parallax to produce the same perceived depth as faster head movements. In experiment 3, observers reported the perceived depth for different parallax magnitudes. Perceived depth covaried with smaller parallax without motion perception, but began to decrease with larger parallax and concomitant motion was seen. Only motion was seen with the larger parallax.

Neurobiological correlates of apparent motion perception in the human visual system using magnetoencephalography

NeuroImage ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 893
Author(s):  
C.I. Horenstein ◽  
R.R. Ramirez ◽  
E. Kronberg ◽  
U. Ribary ◽  
R.R. Llinas
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Human Visual System

4. Motion perception

2017 ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
Brian Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Time To Contact ◽  
Motion System ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Temporal Process ◽  
The World ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
After Effect ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The ability to detect motion is one of the most important properties of our visual system and the visual systems of nearly every other species. Motion perception is not just important for detecting the movement of objects—both for catching prey and for avoiding predators—but it is also important for providing information about the 3-D structure of the world, for maintaining balance, determining our direction of heading, segregating the scene and breaking camouflage, and judging time-to-contact with other objects in the world. ‘Motion perception’ describes the spatio-temporal process of motion perception and the perceptual effects that tell us something about the characteristics of the motion system: apparent motion, the motion after-effect, and induced motion.

Perceptual Organization in Multistable Apparent Motion

Perception ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilayanur S Ramachandran ◽  
Stuart M Anstis
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Perceptual Organization ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Horizontal Oscillation ◽  
Random Location ◽  
Single Figure ◽  
Looking Back

Is motion perception based on a local piecemeal analysis of the image or do ‘global’ effects also play an important role? Use was made of bistable apparent-motion displays in trying to answer this question. Two spots were flashed simultaneously on diagonally opposite corners of a 1 deg wide square and then switched off and replaced by two spots appearing on the other two corners. One can either see vertical or horizontal oscillation and the display is bistable just as a Necker cube is. If several such bistable figures are randomly scattered on the screen and presented simultaneously, then one usually sees the same motion axis in all of them, suggesting the presence of field-like effects for resolving ambiguity in apparent motion. While viewing a single figure observers experience hysteresis: they tend to adhere to one motion axis or the other and can switch the axis only by looking away and looking back after 10–30 s have elapsed. The figure can be switched off and made to reappear at some other random location on the screen and it is then always found to retain its motion axis. Several such demonstrations are presented to show that spatial induction effects in metastable motion displays may provide a particularly valuable probe for studying ‘laws’ of perceptual organization.

Peripheral Apparent Motion as a Function of Location, Contrast, and Direction of Stimulus Motion

1989 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Woodrow Barfield ◽  
Conrad Kraft ◽  
Ali Piyarali
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Apparent Motion ◽  
Stimulus Location ◽  
Peripheral Visual Field ◽  
Stimulus Contrast ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Main Effect

This study investigated the perception of the direction of peripheral apparent motion as a function of stimulus location in the peripheral visual field, stimulus contrast, and the direction of the apparent motion. Results indicated that each of these independent variables was significant as a main effect while the interactions were not.

scholarly journals Depth thresholds of motion parallax as a function of head movement velocity

2001 ◽  
Vol 41 (22) ◽  
pp. 2835-2843 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyasu Ujike ◽  
Hiroshi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Head Movement ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Movement Velocity
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