scholarly journals Perceptual Switching, Eye Movements, and the Bus Paradox

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5052 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 681-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junji Ito ◽  
Andrey R Nikolaev ◽  
Marjolein Luman ◽  
Maartje F Aukes ◽  
Chie Nakatani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Sampling Bias ◽  
Moving Window ◽  
Random Event ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Switching Behaviour ◽  
Blink Frequency

According to a widely cited finding by Ellis and Stark (1978 Perception7 575–581), the duration of eye fixations is longer at the instant of perceptual reversal of an ambiguous figure than before or after the reversal. However, long fixations are more likely to include samples of an independent random event than are short fixations. This sampling bias would produce the pattern of results also when no correlation exists between fixation duration and perceptual reversals. When an appropriate correction is applied to the measurement of fixation durations, the effect disappears. In fact, there are fewer actual button-presses during the long intervals than would be expected by chance. Moving-window analyses performed on eye-fixation data reveal that no unique eye event is associated with switching behaviour. However, several indicators, such as blink frequency, saccade frequency, and the direction of the saccade, are each differentially sensitive to perceptual and response-related aspects of the switching process. The time course of these indicators depicts switching behaviour as a process of cascaded stages.

scholarly journals Distraction by deviant sounds during reading: An eye-movement study

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (7) ◽  
pp. 1863-1875 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin R Vasilev ◽  
Fabrice BR Parmentier ◽  
Bernhard Angele ◽  
Julie A Kirkby
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Repeated Sequence ◽  
Reading Performance ◽  
Sequence Capture ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Movement Study ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Target Words

Oddball studies have shown that sounds unexpectedly deviating from an otherwise repeated sequence capture attention away from the task at hand. While such distraction is typically regarded as potentially important in everyday life, previous work has so far not examined how deviant sounds affect performance on more complex daily tasks. In this study, we developed a new method to examine whether deviant sounds can disrupt reading performance by recording participants’ eye movements. Participants read single sentences in silence and while listening to task-irrelevant sounds. In the latter condition, a 50-ms sound was played contingent on the fixation of five target words in the sentence. On most occasions, the same tone was presented (standard sound), whereas on rare and unexpected occasions it was replaced by white noise (deviant sound). The deviant sound resulted in significantly longer fixation durations on the target words relative to the standard sound. A time-course analysis showed that the deviant sound began to affect fixation durations around 180 ms after fixation onset. Furthermore, deviance distraction was not modulated by the lexical frequency of target words. In summary, fixation durations on the target words were longer immediately after the presentation of the deviant sound, but there was no evidence that it interfered with the lexical processing of these words. The present results are in line with the recent proposition that deviant sounds yield a temporary motor suppression and suggest that deviant sounds likely inhibit the programming of the next saccade.

scholarly journals Object Frequency and Predictability Effects on Eye Fixation Durations in Real-World Scene Viewing

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsueh-Cheng Wang ◽  
Alex D. Hwang ◽  
Marc Pomplun
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Latent Semantic Analysis ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Scene Analysis ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Scene Viewing ◽  
Direction Of Effects ◽  
Text Reading

During text reading, the durations of eye fixations decrease with greater frequency and predictability of the currently fixated word (Rayner, 1998; 2009). However, it has not been tested whether those results also apply to scene viewing. We computed object frequency and predictability from both linguistic and visual scene analysis (LabelMe, Russell et al., 2008), and Latent Semantic Analysis (Landauer et al., 1998) was applied to estimate predictability. In a scene-viewing experiment, we found that, for small objects, linguistics-based frequency, but not scene-based frequency, had effects on first fixation duration, gaze duration, and total time. Both linguistic and scene-based predictability affected total time. Similar to reading, fixation duration decreased with higher frequency and predictability. For large objects, we found the direction of effects to be the inverse of those found in reading studies. These results suggest that the recognition of small objects in scene viewing shares some characteristics with the recognition of words in reading.

Eye Movements in Search and Target Acquisition

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (19) ◽  
pp. 1305-1309
Author(s):  
Deborah P. Birkmire ◽  
Robert Karsh ◽  
B. Diane Barnette ◽  
Ramakrishna Pillalamarri ◽  
Samantha DiBastiani
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Acquisition Task ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Different Levels

The frequency distribution of eye fixations and fixation durations during a search and target acquisition task was examined to determine if the allocation of visual attention was related to target, scene, and/or observer characteristics. Ninety computer-generated scenes simulating infrared imagery and containing different levels of clutter and zero, one, two, or three targets were produced. Targets were embedded in these scenes counterbalancing for range and position. Global and local clutter were measured using both statistical variance and probability of edge metrics. Thirty-three aviators, tankers, and infantry soldiers were shown still video images of the 90 scenes and were instructed to search for targets. Results of multiple regression analyses of global clutter, local clutter, range, number of targets, target dimensions, target complexity, and group membershi on eye fixations and fixation durations are given and discussed in terms of search strategies.

scholarly journals Time Course and Hazard Function: A Distributional Analysis of Fixation Duration in Reading

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Feng
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Hazard Function ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Duration Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Reading processes affect not only the mean of fixation duration but also its distribution function. This paper introduces a set of hypotheses that link the timing and strength of a reading process to the hazard function of a fixation duration distribution. Analyses based on large corpora of reading eye movements show a surprisingly robust hazard function across languages, age, individual differences, and a number of processing variables. The data suggest that eye movements are generated stochastically based on a stereotyped time course that is independent of reading variables. High-level reading processes, however, modulate eye movement programming by increasing or decreasing the momentary saccade rate during a narrow time window. Implications to theories and analyses of reading eye movement are discussed.

Morphology of Primary Visual Cortex Predicts Individual Differences in Fixation Duration during Text Reading

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 2880-2888 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Henderson ◽  
Wonil Choi ◽  
Steven G. Luke
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Primary Visual Cortex ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Visual Encoding ◽  
Skilled Reading

In skilled reading, fixations are brief periods of time in which the eyes settle on words. E-Z Reader, a computational model of dynamic reading, posits that fixation durations are under real-time control of lexical processing. Lexical processing, in turn, requires efficient visual encoding. Here we tested the hypothesis that individual differences in fixation durations are related to individual differences in the efficiency of early visual encoding. To test this hypothesis, we recorded participants' eye movements during reading. We then examined individual differences in fixation duration distributions as a function of individual differences in the morphology of primary visual cortex measured from MRI scans. The results showed that greater gray matter surface area and volume in visual cortex predicted shorter and less variable fixation durations in reading. These results suggest that individual differences in eye movements during skilled reading are related to initial visual encoding, consistent with models such as E-Z Reader that emphasize lexical control over fixation time.

Experience with compound words influences their processing: An eye movement investigation with English compound words

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara J Juhasz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Word Recognition ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Morphological Processing ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Insight Into

Recording eye movements provides information on the time-course of word recognition during reading. Juhasz and Rayner [Juhasz, B. J., & Rayner, K. (2003). Investigating the effects of a set of intercorrelated variables on eye fixation durations in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 29, 1312–1318] examined the impact of five word recognition variables, including familiarity and age-of-acquisition (AoA), on fixation durations. All variables impacted fixation durations, but the time-course differed. However, the study focused on relatively short, morphologically simple words. Eye movements are also informative for examining the processing of morphologically complex words such as compound words. The present study further examined the time-course of lexical and semantic variables during morphological processing. A total of 120 English compound words that varied in familiarity, AoA, semantic transparency, lexeme meaning dominance, sensory experience rating (SER), and imageability were selected. The impact of these variables on fixation durations was examined when length, word frequency, and lexeme frequencies were controlled in a regression model. The most robust effects were found for familiarity and AoA, indicating that a reader’s experience with compound words significantly impacts compound recognition. These results provide insight into semantic processing of morphologically complex words during reading.

scholarly journals The information gathering framework - a cognitive model of regressive eye movements during reading

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Fiona Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Target Selection ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Information Gathering ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Eye Movement Control ◽  
Fixation Durations

In this article we present a new eye movement control framework that describes the interaction between fixation durations and regressive saccades during reading: The Information Gathering Framework (IGF). Based on the FC model proposed by Bicknell and Levy (2010), the basic idea of the IGF is that a confidence level for each word is computed while being monitored by three independent thresholds. These thresholds shape eye movement behavior by increasing fixation duration, triggering a regression, or guiding regression target selection. In this way, the IGF does not only account for regressive eye movements but also provides a framework able to model eye movement control during reading across different scenarios. Importantly, within the IGF it is assumed that two different types of regressive eye movements exist which differ with regard to their releases (integrations difficulties vs. missing evidence) but also with regard to their time course. We tested the predictions of the IGF by re-analyzing an experiment of Weiss et al. (2018) and found, inter alia, clear evidence for shorter fixation durations before regressive saccades relative to progressive saccades, with the exception of the last region. This clearly supports the assumptions of the IGF. In addition, we found evidence that there exists a window of about 15–20 characters to the left of the current fixation that plays an important role in target selection, probably indicating the perceptual span during a regressive saccade.

Eye-Movement and Performance during Reading by Cerebral Palsy Patients

2010 ◽  
pp. 219-233
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiko Karashima
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Window Size ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Eye Fixation ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
And Performance

This chapter introduced the characteristics of CP patients reading Japanese documents in comparison with fully abled students through two experiments. Experiment 1 was designed to study the characteristics in reading Japanese still documents and Experiment 2 was designed to study the characteristics in reading Japanese scrolling documents. The results of Experiment 1 revealed that the CP patients needed more time to read the documents than the students regardless of the difficulty of the documents. The eye fixation duration of the CP patients was generally the same as the students, although slightly longer with the most difficult documents. The frequency of eye fixation of the CP patients was greater than the students regardless of the difficulty. The distribution map of the intervals between the eye fixations revealed that the CP patients performed more eye movements. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the most comfortable scrolling speed of CP patients was slower than that of the students regardless of the size of the scrolling window. The most comfortable scrolling speed of CP patients was stable regardless of the window size, while the most comfortable scrolling speed of the students increased as the window size increased from 3 to 5 characters and the scrolling speed was stable in 5 characters or more. Further discussions of the occurrence of the characteristics of CP patients reading both the still document and the scrolling document were done.

scholarly journals Mondrian, Eye Movements, and the Oblique Effect

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p6160 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan E Plumhoff ◽  
James A Schirillo
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Abstract Painting ◽  
Saccade Length ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Aesthetic Pleasure ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Image Exploration ◽  
Insight Into

Observers prefer Mondrian's paintings in their original orientation compared to when rotated—“the oblique effect” (Latto et al, 2000 Perception29 981–987). We tested whether eye movements could provide any insight into this aesthetic bias. While recording fixation duration and saccade length, we presented eight Mondrian paintings dated 1921–1944 on a CRT in either their original or seven rotated positions to ten observers who used a Likert scale to report how (dis)pleasing they found each image. We report on eye-movement patterns from nine pairs of images that had a significant orientation effect. During the 20 s scans, fixation durations increased linearly, more so for pleasing images than for non-pleasing images. Moreover, saccade distances oscillated over the viewing interval, with larger saccade-distance oscillations for the pleasing images than the non-pleasing images. Both of these findings agree with earlier work by Nodine et al (1993 Leonardo26 219–227), and confirm that as an abstract painting becomes more aesthetically pleasing, it shows both a greater amount of diversive/specific types of image exploration and balance. Thus, any increase in visual fluency in localizing vertical and horizontal versus oblique lines can lead to an increase in the aesthetic pleasure of viewing Mondrian's work.

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