Attending to Faces: Change Detection, Familiarization, and Inversion Effects

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3460 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason J S Barton ◽  
Shaunak Deepak ◽  
Numaan Malik
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Mouth Color ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Inversion Effects

We tested detection of changes to eye position, eye color (brightness), mouth position, and mouth color in frontal views of faces. Two faces were presented sequentially for 555 ms each, with a blank screen of 120 ms separating the two. Faces were presented either both upright or both inverted. Measures of detection ( d') were calculated for several different degrees of change for each of the four dimensions of change. We first compared results to an earlier experiment that used an oddity design, in which subjects indicated which of three simultaneously viewed and otherwise identical faces had been altered on one of these four dimensions. Subjects in both of these experiments were partially cued, in that they knew the four possible types of changes that could occur on a given trial. The change-detection results correlated well with the oddity data. They confirmed that face inversion had little effect upon detection of changes in eye color, a moderate effect upon detection of eye-position or mouth-color changes, and caused a drastic reduction in the detection of mouth-position changes. An experiment in which uncued and fully cued subjects were compared showed that cueing significantly improved detection of feature color changes, but there was little difference between upright and inverted faces. Full cueing eliminated all effects of inversion. Compared to partial cueing, changes in mouth color were poorly detected by uncued subjects. Last, a change in the frequency of the base (unaltered) face in an experiment from 75% to 40% showed that increased short-term familiarity decreased the detection of eye changes and increased the detection of mouth changes, regardless of face orientation and the type of change made (color or position). We conclude that uncued subjects encode the spatial relations of features more than the colors of features, that mouth color in particular is not considered a relevant dimension for encoding, and that familiarization redistributes attention from more to less salient facial regions. Inversion effects are not simply an exaggeration of the salience effects revealed by withdrawing cueing, but represent an interaction of spatial encoding with salience, in that the greatest inversion effects occur for spatial shifts in less salient facial regions, and can be eliminated through the use of focused attention.

scholarly journals Recent Advancements in Enzyme-Based Lateral Flow Immunoassays

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3358
Author(s):  
Donato Calabria ◽  
Maria Maddalena Calabretta ◽  
Martina Zangheri ◽  
Elisa Marchegiani ◽  
Ilaria Trozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Commercial Success ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Critical Overview ◽  
Detection Technologies

Paper-based lateral-flow immunoassays (LFIAs) have achieved considerable commercial success and their impact in diagnostics is continuously growing. LFIA results are often obtained by visualizing by the naked eye color changes in given areas, providing a qualitative information about the presence/absence of the target analyte in the sample. However, this platform has the potential to provide ultrasensitive quantitative analysis for several applications. Indeed, LFIA is based on well-established immunological techniques, which have known in the last year great advances due to the combination of highly sensitive tracers, innovative signal amplification strategies and last-generation instrumental detectors. All these available progresses can be applied also to the LFIA platform by adapting them to a portable and miniaturized format. This possibility opens countless strategies for definitively turning the LFIA technique into an ultrasensitive quantitative method. Among the different proposals for achieving this goal, the use of enzyme-based immunoassay is very well known and widespread for routine analysis and it can represent a valid approach for improving LFIA performances. Several examples have been recently reported in literature exploiting enzymes properties and features for obtaining significative advances in this field. In this review, we aim to provide a critical overview of the recent progresses in highly sensitive LFIA detection technologies, involving the exploitation of enzyme-based amplification strategies. The features and applications of the technologies, along with future developments and challenges, are also discussed.

Freshness assessment of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) by machine vision based on gill and eye color changes

2013 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Dowlati ◽  
Seyed Saeid Mohtasebi ◽  
Mahmoud Omid ◽  
Seyed Hadi Razavi ◽  
Mansour Jamzad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Vision ◽  
Sparus Aurata ◽  
Gilthead Sea Bream ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Eye Color ◽  
Color Changes

scholarly journals Do change detection measures underestimate the capacity of visual short-term memory?

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 663-663 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.-F. Delvenne ◽  
A. Cleeremans ◽  
C. Laloyaux
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory

Relation Between the Metrics of the Presaccadic Attention Shift and of the Saccade Before and After Saccadic Adaptation

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1809-1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ditterich ◽  
T. Eggert ◽  
A. Straube
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Saccade Target ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Attention Shift ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Saccadic Adaptation ◽  
Attention Focus ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Saccade Size ◽  
Saccade Programming

A shift of the visual attention focus is known to precede saccades. However, how the metrics of both this presaccadic attention shift and the saccade are coupled is still unclear. We altered the saccade size by short-term saccadic adaptation to determine whether the attention focus would still be shifted to the location of the saccade target or to the modified postsaccadic eye position. The results showed that saccadic adaptation had no influence on the presaccadic attention shift. Thus either different processes determine the metrics of the attention shift and of the saccade or saccadic adaptation causes only modifications on a lower hierarchical level of saccade programming, thereby not influencing the metrics of the attention shift.

Duration Matters: Separating the Impact of Depth and Duration in Study Abroad Programs

2019 ◽  
pp. 102831531988738
Author(s):  
Stephen B. DeLoach ◽  
Mark R. Kurt ◽  
Neal H. Olitsky
Keyword(s):  
Study Abroad ◽  
Academic Program ◽  
Global Awareness ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Study Abroad Programs ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Short Term Study ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Impact

Study abroad participation has increased dramatically over the past two decades, primarily through the growth of short-term study abroad experiences. Given this, it is logical to ask whether short-term experiences are capable of delivering student learning outcomes equivalent to those of long-term experiences. The research presented in this article addresses this question by asking if program duration (i.e., temporal length of the academic program) or depth (i.e., focused and reflective interaction with the destination culture) has a greater impact on changes in students’ global awareness. A longitudinal study across 80 study abroad programs from a single institution, measured global awareness pre- and post-abroad experience. This design controlled for preexisting differences (self-selection) and allowed us to rigorously estimate the relative effects of depth and duration across four dimensions of global awareness. Results show that a longer duration was associated with significant changes in three out of the four global awareness dimensions measured. The only depth measure that positively and significantly impacted global awareness was when the study abroad destination was a non-English speaking country. Even in this instance, the impact non-English speaking destination was increased further for longer durations.

Eye Color Changes Due to Pigment Migration in Some Species of Heteroptera and Homoptera

1989 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
F. W. Howard ◽  
Barbara J. Center ◽  
F. W. Mead
Keyword(s):  
Eye Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Pigment Migration

Other-race and inversion effects during the structural encoding stage of face processing in a race categorization task: An event-related brain potential study

2011 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 266-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stéphanie Caharel ◽  
Benoît Montalan ◽  
Emilie Fromager ◽  
Christian Bernard ◽  
Robert Lalonde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Brain Potential ◽  
Potential Study ◽  
And Inversion ◽  
Inversion Effects

scholarly journals Characterizing the time course of decision-making in change detection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthea Grace Blunden ◽  
Dylan Hammond ◽  
Piers Howe ◽  
Daniel R. Little
Keyword(s):  
Change Detection ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Modeling Framework ◽  
Integration Model ◽  
First Order ◽  
Visual Short Term Memory ◽  
Or Task

We propose a novel modeling framework for characterizing the time course of change detection based on information held in visual short-term memory. Specifically, we seek to answer whether change detection is better captured by a first-order integration model, in which information is pooled from each location, or a second-order integration model, in which each location is processed independently. We diagnose whether change detection across locations proceeds in serial or parallel and how processing is affected by the stopping rule (i.e., detecting any change versus detecting all changes; Experiment 1) and how the efficiency of detection is affected by the number of changes in the display (Experiment 2). We find that although capacity is generally limited in both tasks, architecture varies from parallel self-terminating in the OR task to serial self-terminating in the AND task. Our novel framework allows model comparisons across a large set of models ruling out several competing explanations of change detection.

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