Separating Perception Time from Response Time: The Slope Transition Paradigm

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3304 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethel Matin ◽  
David C Nofer ◽  
Lisa Gische
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Psychological Refractory Period ◽  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Perception Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Set Size Effects

This paper describes the slope transition paradigm (STP), a variant of rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) that separates early (perceptual) processing time from total response time. The paradigm is based on a very simple idea: provide varying amounts of time for perceptual processing and find the moment when the subject begins to waste time waiting for more data. That moment is a measure of how much time was actually needed. The method was used in two experiments. Results are discussed in relation to set-size effects, perceptual capacity limits, attentional dwell times, and some related neurophysiological findings. The method appears to tap aspects of information processing that differ from those tapped in studies of the psychological refractory period, the attentional blink, and repetition blindness.

scholarly journals Set-size effects in change detection depend on failures of retrieval and/or comparison and not on perception, encoding or storage

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Moreland ◽  
John Palmer ◽  
Geoffrey M. Boynton
Keyword(s):  
Size Effect ◽  
Change Detection ◽  
Divided Attention ◽  
Size Effects ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Memory Storage ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Set Size Effects

AbstractSet-size effects in change detection is often used to investigate the capacity limits of dividing attention. Such capacity limits have been attributed to a variety of processes including perception, memory encoding, memory storage, memory retrieval, comparison and decision. In this study, we investigated the locus of the effect of increasing set size from 1 to 2. To measure purely attentional effects and not other phenomena such as crowding, a precue was used to manipulate relevant set size and keep the display constant across conditions. The task was to detect a change in the orientation of 1 or 2 Gabor patterns. The locus of the capacity limits was determined by varying when observers were cued to the only stimulus that was relevant. We began by measuring the baseline set-size effect in an initial experiment. In the next experiment, a 100% valid postcue was added to test for an effect of decision. This postcue did not change the set-size effects. In the critical experiments, a 100% valid cue was provided during the retention interval between displays, or only one stimulus was presented in the second display (local recognition). For both of these conditions, there was little or no set-size effect. This pattern of results was found for both hard-to-discriminate stimuli typical of perception experiments and easy-to-discriminate stimuli typical of memory experiments. These results are consistent with capacity limits in memory retrieval, and/or comparison. For these set sizes, the results are not consistent with capacity limits in perception, memory encoding or memory storage.Significance SectionThe change detection paradigm is often used to demonstrate effects of divided attention. But it is not clear whether these effects are due to perception, memory, or judgment and decision. In this article, we present new evidence that the divided attention effect in change detection is due to limits in memory retrieval or comparison processes. These results are not consistent with limits in perception, memory encoding or memory storage.

Conscious access to fear-relevant information is mediated by threshold

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 56-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Szczepanowski
Keyword(s):  
Present Report ◽  
Intrinsic Property ◽  
Roc Curves ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Perceptual Processing ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Emotional Perception ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
The Subject

Conscious access to fear-relevant information is mediated by thresholdThe present report proposed a model of access consciousness to fear-relevant information according to which there is a threshold for emotional perception beyond that the subject makes hits with no false alarm. The model was examined by having the participants performed a confidence-ratings masking task with fearful faces. Measures of the thresholds for conscious access were taken by looking at the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves generated from a three-state low- and high-threshold (3-LHT) model by Krantz. Indeed, the analysis of the masking data revealed that the ROCs had threshold-like-nature (a two-limb shape) rather continuous (a curvilinear shape) challenging in this fashion the classical signal-detection view on perceptual processing. Moreover, the threshold ROC curve exhibited the specific y-intercepts relevant to conscious access performance. The study suggests that the threshold can be an intrinsic property of conscious access, mediating emotional contents between perceptual states and consciousness.

Crimes against marriage and family before Criminal Code 1968

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 44-59
Author(s):  
Lidia Peneva
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Code ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Marriage And Family ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Criminal Groups ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Structural Point

Crimes against marriage and family are a particular group of social relation­ships that the law has defended properly in view of the high public significance and value they enjoy. At the moment they are regulated in Chapter VI, Section I, of the specific part of the Penal Code the Repub­lic of Bulgaria. The subject matter of this Statement will, however, be the legisla­tive provisions concerning these criminal­ized acts in retrospect. The purpose of the study is to show by historical method and through the comparatively legal method the development of these criminal groups during the periods of various criminal laws in Bulgaria. This will also provide a basis for reflection on possible de lege ferenda proposals. This report from a structural point of view will be divided into three distinct points, marking each of the penal laws in the Republic of Bulgaria, which were in force before 1968.

scholarly journals Cartilage Injuries and Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis in the Wrist: A Review

Cartilage ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 194760352110219
Author(s):  
Jonny K. Andersson ◽  
Elisabet Hagert ◽  
Mats Brittberg
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Radius Fractures ◽  
Osteochondral Autograft ◽  
Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis ◽  
Osteochondral Repair ◽  
Chondrocyte Implantation ◽  
Cartilage Injuries ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
And Cartilage

Objective: Focal cartilage injuries, and posttraumatic osteoarthritis (OA) in the wrist are likely common and a cause of wrist pain. To estimate the incidence of cartilage lesions and to understand the pathomechanisms leading to wrist cartilage injuries and OA, a literature review on the subject was performed combined with a presentation of one of the authors’ own experience. Design: This study includes a literature review of the topic. As a comparison to the review findings, the observations of one of the authors’ consecutive 48 wrist arthroscopies, were assessed. PubMed, Scholar, and Cochrane databases were searched using the keywords “cartilage injury AND wrist AND treatment” and “wrist AND cartilage AND chondral AND osteochondral AND degenerative OA.” :Result A total of 11 articles, including 9 concerning chondral and osteochondral repair and treatment and 2 regarding posttraumatic OA, were retrieved. The cartilage repair treatments used in these articles were drilling, osteochondral autograft, juvenile articular cartilage allograft, and chondrocyte implantation. One article displayed concomitant cartilage injuries in displaced distal radius fractures in 32% of the patients. The review of our findings from a 1-year cohort of wrist arthroscopies showed 17% cartilage injuries. Conclusion: There is a lack of knowledge in current literature on cartilage injuries and treatment, as well as posttraumatic OA in the wrist. Cartilage injuries appear to be common, being found in 17% to 32% of all wrist arthroscopies after trauma, but no guidelines regarding conservative or surgical treatment can be recommended at the moment. Larger prospective comparative studies are needed.

scholarly journals Estimating the statistical power to detect set‐size effects in contralateral delay activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
William X. Q. Ngiam ◽  
Kirsten C. S. Adam ◽  
Colin Quirk ◽  
Edward K. Vogel ◽  
Edward Awh
Keyword(s):  
Size Effects ◽  
Statistical Power ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Contralateral Delay Activity ◽  
Set Size Effects

Differences in Attentional Involvement Underlying the Perception of Distinctive and Typical Faces

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5751 ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1057-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae-Jin Ryu ◽  
Avi Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Visual Presentation ◽  
Stimulus Dimension ◽  
Change Detection Task ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Capacity Limits ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Attentional Tasks ◽  
Human Faces ◽  
Processing Differences

Differences in human faces can be evaluated along a continuum that ranges from ‘distinctive’ to ‘typical.’ We examined processing differences between distinctive and typical faces by two attentional tasks that induce attentional blink (AB). Given that AB is believed to reflect temporal or capacity limits of attention, stimuli that survive AB are believed to be associated with greater processing efficiency. In a change-detection task, participants were required to detect changes in the two pairs of faces that were presented in rapid succession. Changes involving the distinctive face of a pair were more likely to be detected than those involving a typical face. In a face-identification task, distinctive faces embedded in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) stream were identified with a greater accuracy than typical faces. Together, our results suggest that distinctive faces are associated with greater processing efficiency and may be explained in terms of perceptual salience, a stimulus dimension known to attract attention.

Social capital in the theory and research of LIS professionals in the light of the literature on the subject. Review of current knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Dorota Wojciechowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Social Capital ◽  
Rural Libraries ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of the paper is to present the latest scholarly trends in the field of social capital in libraries, to review research concepts published by LIS professionals and to suggest further research possibilities in this area. Design/methodology/approach This paper presents a review and critical analysis of literature associated with research on social capital in libraries to highlight its importance for the development of LIS and its impact on the functioning of environments linked with various types of libraries. The goal of literature analysis was to determine the current condition of research on social capital in libraries. The main trends were identified and the need for further qualitative analyses, which are missing at the moment, was confirmed. Findings It was determined that, so far, LIS professionals have focussed mainly on the role of municipal libraries in developing social capital, the problem of building trust, especially in immigrant circles and the impact of libraries on promoting a civil society. Academic libraries, rural libraries, organisational capital in libraries and individual social capital of librarians were a much less frequent subject of research. The role of libraries in developing social capital in educational (primary and secondary education) and professional (non-university professionals) circles is practically non-existent in research, and it will require in-depth studies and analyses in the coming years. Originality/value This paper constitutes a synthetic review of the latest research concepts concerning social capital in libraries. It identifies the most important research trends and areas that so far have not been explored and suggests research methods to help LIS professionals design future research in this area more effectively.

To the Matter of Procedural and Legal Problems of Detaining a Person on Suspicion of Committing a Crime

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.V. Bolshakov ◽  
◽  
I.D. Nazarov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Moment

The subject of the research within the framework of the article is the criminal procedure institute for the detention of a person on suspicion of committing a crime. The legal nature of this institution is analyzed, and comments are given on the normative legal acts and judicial practice regulating the issues of detention. The theoretical basis of the research is based on the publications of the last two decades on this problem, in particular, reflecting the discussion of the process scientists S. A. Shafer, S. B. Rossinsky and A. A. Tarasov, the subject of which was the issue of the legal nature of a suspect detention in a criminal case. In the paper, the authors ask the following questions: What is the detention of a person on suspicion of committing a crime in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation? From what moment does the detained person acquire the status of a suspect? Is it possible to detain a person before initiating a criminal case? The study concludes that a person acquires the actual status of a suspect from the moment of direct detention, that is, before documenting this status and, as a result, before initiating a criminal case. Amendments to the articles of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation are proposed, and the authors` versions of the definitions of the concepts «detention of a suspect», «the moment of actual detention» and «pre-trial proceedings» are given.

scholarly journals The band spectrum of hydrogen

1924 ◽  
Vol 106 (735) ◽  
pp. 69-82 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Hydrogen ◽  
Hydrogen Molecule ◽  
Spectral Lines ◽  
Wave Number ◽  
Band Spectrum ◽  
Wave Numbers ◽  
Experimental Side ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Theoretical Side

Many attempts have been made to detect regularities amongst the numerous lines which constitute the secondary or many-lined spectrum of hydrogen. The extreme complexity of the spectrum may be realised from the fact that in the Bakerian Lecture of 1922 Merton and Barratt record some 750 lines in the interval between Hα (wave-number v = 5233.216) and Hβ ( v = 20564.793). Three methods of investigation may be employed in the search for regularities. (1) The lines may be classified according to their physical characteristics, such as intensity or mode of excitation, as in the tables of Merton and Barrat ( loc. cit .). (2) Lines may be grouped together by the discovery of relations between their wave-lengths or wave-numbers, as in the important groups of lines which have been arranged in bands by Fulcher. (3) Lastly, the question may be attacked from the theoretical side, and a model of the hydrogen molecule may be imagined, which will give rise to the emission of certain characteristic spectral lines. Thus Sutherland, working on the foundation of the classical mechanical laws, more than twenty years ago, came to the conclusion that spectral series must arise from kinematical considera­tions, and explained them by considering the nodal sub-divisions of a circle. At the present time we may expect more successful results to follow from the application of the quantum theory, and in this paper an endeavour will be made to examine the secondary spectrum of hydrogen, and more particularly the Fulcher bands, from this standpoint. I may add that my interest in the subject was aroused when attempting to construct a model of the hydrogen molecule, for it seemed that the most likely method of obtaining reliable information from the experimental side as to the moment of inertia of the molecule would be from a study of the spectrum of molecular hydrogen.

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