Processing Time of Contour Integration: The Role of Colour, Contrast, and Curvature

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3164 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 833-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H A Beaudot ◽  
Kathy T Mullen
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Contour Integration ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Curved Paths ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Path Detection

We investigated the temporal properties of the red-green, blue – yellow, and luminance mechanisms in a contour-integration task which required the linking of orientation across space to detect a ‘path’. Reaction times were obtained for simple detection of the stimulus regardless of the presence of a path, and for path detection measured by a yes/no procedure with path and no-path stimuli randomly presented. Additional processing times for contour integration were calculated as the difference between reaction times for simple stimulus detection and path detection, and were measured as a function of stimulus contrast for straight and curved paths. We found that processing time shows effects not apparent in choice reaction-time measurements. (i) Processing time for curved paths is longer than for straight paths. (ii) For straight paths, the achromatic mechanism is faster than the two chromatic ones, with no difference between the red – green and blue – yellow mechanisms. For curved paths there is no difference in processing time between mechanisms. (iii) The extra processing time required to detect curved compared to straight paths is longest for the achromatic mechanism, and similar for the red – green and blue – yellow mechanisms. (iv) Detection of the absence of a path requires at least 50 ms of additional time independently of chromaticity, contrast, and path curvature. The significance of these differences and similarities between postreceptoral mechanisms is discussed.

Fluidized bed heat treatment of aluminum cast components

2004 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 555-562
Author(s):  
D. Apelian ◽  
S. K. Chaudhury
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Fluidized Bed ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Fluidized Bed Reactors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Conventional Furnace ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Solutionizing Time

Heat Treatment and post casting treatments of cast components has always been an important step in the control of microstructure, and resultant properties. In the past, the solutionizing, quenching and ageing process steps may have “required” in total over 20 hours of processing time. With the advent of fluidized bed reactors (FB), processing time has been dramatically reduced. For example, instead of 8-10 hours solutionizing time in a conventional furnace, the time required in FB is less than an hour. Experiments with Al-Si-Mg alloy, (both modified with Sr, and unmodified) were performed, having different diffusion distances (different DAS), and for different reaction times and temperatures. Both the model and the experimental results are presented and discussed.

A Chronometric Study of Some Relations between Sentences

1964 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Miller ◽  
Kathryn Ojemann McKean
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Data ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Additive Relation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Pencil And Paper ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Syntactic Relations ◽  
Negative Difference

An attempt was made to study how people handle syntactic relations among English sentences by measuring the time required to convert one type of sentence into another. Preliminary results based on rate of work in a pencil-and-paper test are briefly summarized. More detailed data are given for an experiment in which subjects controlled the duration of presentation of the sentence they transformed. Presentation times were measured and compared with the presentation times when no transformation was required; the difference between these times was taken as a measure of the additional time required to perform the transformation. In such tasks, an active-passive difference requires more additional time than does an affirmative-negative difference; when both are involved the additional time required is approximately the sum for the two separately. Differences in verb constructions, however, all require about the same amount of time, and no additive relation is apparent. The relation of these results to the distinction between rules of formation and rules of transformation in descriptive linguistics is discussed.

scholarly journals A decisional space account of saccadic reaction times towards personally familiar faces

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Ramon ◽  
Nayla Sokhn ◽  
Roberto Caldara
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Natural Scenes ◽  
Familiar Face ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Neurological Patients ◽  
Saccadic Reaction Times ◽  
Time Required

AbstractManual and saccadic reaction times (SRTs) have been used to determine the minimum time required for different types of visual categorizations. Such studies have demonstrated that faces can be detected within natural scenes within as little as 100ms (Crouzet, Kirchner & Thorpe, 2010), while increasingly complex decisions require longer processing times (Besson, Barragan-Jason, Thorpe, Fabre-Thorpe, Puma et al., 2017). Following the notion that facial representations stored in memory facilitate perceptual processing (Ramon & Gobbini, 2018), a recent study reported 180ms as the fastest speed at which “familiar face detection” based on expressed choice saccades (Visconti di Ollegio Castello & Gobbini, 2015). At first glance, these findings seem incompatible with the earliest neural markers of familiarity reported in electrophysiological studies (Barragan-Jason, Cauchoix & Barbeau, 2015; Caharel, Ramon & Rossion, 2014; Huang, Wu, Hu, Wang, Ding & Qu et al., 2017), which should temporally precede any overtly observed behavioral (oculomotor or manual) categorization. Here, we reason that this apparent discrepancy could be accounted for in terms of decisional space constraints, which modulate both manual RTs observed for different levels of visual processing (Besson et al., 2017), as well as saccadic RTs (SRTs) in both healthy observers and neurological patients (Ramon, in press; Ramon, Sokhn, Lao & Caldara, in press). In the present study, over 70 observers completed three different SRT experiments in which decisional space was manipulated through task demands and stimulus probability. Subjects performed a gender categorization task, or one of two familiar face “recognition” tasks, which differed with respect to the number of personally familiar identities presented (3 vs. 7). We observe an inverse relationship between visual categorization proficiency and decisional space. Observers were most accurate for categorization of gender, which could be achieved in as little as 140ms. Categorization of highly predictable targets was more error-prone and required an additional ~100ms processing time. Our findings add to increasing evidence that pre-activation of identity-information can modulate early visual processing in a top-down manner. They also emphasize the importance of considering procedural aspects as well as terminology when aiming to characterize cognitive processes.

Stimulus-Response Incompatibility: Extra Processing Stages versus Response Competition

1979 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 415-419
Author(s):  
Steven P. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Processing Time ◽  
Response Competition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Compatibility Factor ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Additive Factor Method ◽  
Time Required ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Spatial Stroop

The extra processing time required by incompatible S-R arrays has been explained in two ways: an increased number of processing stages or response competition from the compatible response. The additive factor method was employed, combining an S-R compatibility factor with a known response competition factor (a spatial Stroop task). The relationship between these two factors was shown to be an additive one, indicating that the two variables have their loci in (at least) two separate stages. This outcome is seen as persuasive evidence that longer reaction times for incompatible responses result from extra processing stages, rather than from response competition.

Attitude-Consistent Health Messages About Electronic Cigarettes Increase Processing Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shelby Wilcox ◽  
Richard Huskey ◽  
David C. DeAndrea
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Elaboration Likelihood ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Health Campaigns ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Likelihood Model ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Online contexts are becoming a widely available space to disseminate health information and target specific populations for health campaigns. Limited evidence for health message engagement in these contexts exists. This study draws on the elaboration likelihood model and construal-level theory to predict processing time and recall when individuals are presented with messages for or against electronic cigarette use from socially close or distant sources. Participants ( N = 159) were shown messages about electronic cigarettes, designed to look like tweets, from socially close and socially distant message senders. Processing times were highest for pro-attitudinal messages while messages from socially close sources were more likely to be recalled, and furthering social distance increased the difference in processing times for pro- and counter-attitudinal messages. We demonstrate the applicability of behavioral measures in online studies, while finding that attitudes, social distance, and their interaction affect measures of message processing. These findings suggest further exploration may be needed to differentiate between processing time and counterarguing. From our findings, we offer applied practitioners guidance on how to develop messages that target audiences will spend more time considering and are more likely to remember.

scholarly journals Effect of Language Switching On the Response Latency in the Cued Picture-Naming Paradigm among Hindi Dominant and Balanced Bilinguals

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mishra K. A ◽  
Asthana, H. S. ◽  
Singh, I. L.
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Control Model ◽  
Language Switching ◽  
Dominant Language ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required

Language dominance has long been considered an important factor in determining the processing time associated with language switching. It is evident that when an unbalanced bilingual switch from ones non-dominant to dominant language (backward switching), s/he requires more reaction time in comparison to when s/he switches from dominant language to non-dominant language (forward switching). In this study, the researcher examined the effects of language dominance and switching on the response time in the cued picture-naming paradigm. Results indicate that the overall response time required by balanced bilingual is less than that of Hindi dominant bilinguals. It was also found that, Hindi dominant required more reaction time in backward switching in comparison to forward switching. For balanced bilinguals, the difference between forward and backward switching was not found to be significant. The results of this study have been discussed in light of the concept of ‘reactive inhibition’ of the Inhibitory Control Model (ICM).

scholarly journals Determination of Initial and Final Set of Ternary Mortars and Compressive Strength with Regard to Temperature Variation

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12
Author(s):  
Alan Richardson ◽  
Susan Dawson ◽  
Giovanni Pesce
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Strength Development ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Cement Replacement ◽  
Setting Times ◽  
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag ◽  
Ambient Room Temperature ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Time Required

The research examined herein classifies initial and final set times, for samples of ternary mortars composed of CEM 1 (52.5) and Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS). The samples  tested comprised of different CEM 1 and GGBS proportions. The mixes used, ranged from 100% CEM1 where this component was replaced at 10% increments by mass terminating at a 20% CEM1 content.  With a reduction in cement content, the balance of the total required binder was being made up with GGBS. The ternary mortar cubes were tested for initial and final set times at average ambient room temperature (19.7 – 22.2 °C) and temperatures of 5 and 40 degrees Celsius. The findings highlighted the additional time required for initial and final set times at reduced temperatures and it also highlighted the further additional time for initial and final set times when GGBS is used as a cement replacement in progressively increasing quantities. Initial and final set times at 40 degrees Celsius were faster than ambient and 5 degrees Celsius, however the difference between initial and final set times was much reduced at 40 degrees Celsius. Both temperature and cement replacement affected the compressive strength at a curing period of 28 days, however GGBS is known to take longer than CEM1 to achieve a given strength development of say 90% of the final or ultimate strength. The two factors of temperature and cement replacement have a significant impact on setting times.

A new tool for rapid development of electron microscopy negatives and micrographs: Initial impressions of the MOHR/PRO-8 processor

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 972-973
Author(s):  
James C. Long
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Processing Time ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Initial Impressions ◽  
Transport Method

Over the years, many techniques and products have been developed to reduce the amount of time spent in a darkroom processing electron microscopy negatives and micrographs. One of the latest tools, effective in this effort, is the Mohr/Pro-8 film and rc paper processor.At the time of writing, a unit has been recently installed in the photographic facilities of the Electron Microscopy Center at Texas A&M University. It is being evaluated for use with TEM sheet film, SEM sheet film, 35mm roll film (B&W), and rc paper.Originally designed for use in the phototypesetting industry, this processor has only recently been introduced to the field of electron microscopy.The unit is a tabletop model, approximately 1.5 × 1.5 × 2.0 ft, and uses a roller transport method of processing. It has an adjustable processing time of 2 to 6.5 minutes, dry-to-dry. The installed unit has an extended processing switch, enabling processing times of 8 to 14 minutes to be selected.

scholarly journals A Fast Retrieval of Cloud Parameters Using a Triplet of Wavelengths of Oxygen Dimer Band around 477 nm

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Haklim Choi ◽  
Xiong Liu ◽  
Gonzalo Gonzalez Abad ◽  
Jongjin Seo ◽  
Kwang-Mog Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scattered Light ◽  
Trace Gas ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Cloud Parameters ◽  
Retrieval Scheme ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Look ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Cloud Top Pressure

Clouds act as a major reflector that changes the amount of sunlight reflected to space. Change in radiance intensity due to the presence of clouds interrupts the retrieval of trace gas or aerosol properties from satellite data. In this paper, we developed a fast and robust algorithm, named the fast cloud retrieval algorithm, using a triplet of wavelengths (469, 477, and 485 nm) of the O2–O2 absorption band around 477 nm (CLDTO4) to derive the cloud information such as cloud top pressure (CTP) and cloud fraction (CF) for the Geostationary Environment Monitoring Spectrometer (GEMS). The novel algorithm is based on the fact that the difference in the optical path through which light passes with regard to the altitude of clouds causes a change in radiance due to the absorption of O2–O2 at the three selected wavelengths. To reduce the time required for algorithm calculations, the look-up table (LUT) method was applied. The LUT was pre-constructed for various conditions of geometry using Vectorized Linearized Discrete Ordinate Radiative Transfer (VLIDORT) to consider the polarization of the scattered light. The GEMS was launched in February 2020, but the observed data of GEMS have not yet been widely released. To evaluate the performance of the algorithm, the retrieved CTP and CF using observational data from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2), which cover the spectral range of GEMS, were compared with the results of the Fast Retrieval Scheme for Clouds from the Oxygen A band (FRESCO) algorithm, which is based on the O2 A-band. There was good agreement between the results, despite small discrepancies for low clouds.

Effect of Bilingualism on Multitasking: A Pilot Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Executive Control ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Bilingual Advantage ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
Proficiency Level ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
A Cell ◽  
The Difference

Bilingual speakers rely on attentional and executive control to continuously inhibit or activate linguistic representations of competing languages, which leads to an increased efficiency known as “bilingual advantage”. Both monolingual and bilingual speakers were asked to perform multiple tasks of talking on a cell phone while simultaneously attending to simulated driving events. This study examined the effect of bilingualism on participants' performance during a dual-task experiment based on 20 monolingual and 13 bilingual healthy adults. The within-subject and between-subject comparisons were conducted on reaction times of a visual event detection task for (a) only driving and (b) driving while simultaneously engaged in a phone conversation. Results of this study showed that bilingual speakers performed significantly faster than monolingual speakers during the multitasking condition, but not during the driving only condition. Further, bilingual speakers consistently showed a bilingual advantage in reaction times during the multitasking condition, despite varying degrees on a bilingual dominance scale. Overall, experiences in more than one language yield bilingual advantage in better performance than monolingual speakers during a multitasking condition, but not during a single task condition. Regardless of the difference in bilingual proficiency level, such language experience reveals a positive impact on bilingual speakers for multitasking.

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