Measurement and Modelling of Perceived Slant in Surfaces Represented by Freely Viewed Line Drawings

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 505-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roddy Cowie
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
General Rule ◽  
Surface Orientation ◽  
Picture Perception ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Anchor Points

Simple pictures under everyday viewing conditions evoke impressions of surfaces oriented in depth. These impressions have been studied by measuring the slants of perceived surfaces, with probes (rotating arrowheads) designed to respect the distinctive character of depicted scenes. Converging arguments indicated that the perceived orientation of the probes was near theoretical values. A series of experiments showed that subjects formed well-defined impressions of depicted surface orientation. The literature suggests that perceived objects might be ‘flattened’, but that was not the general rule. Instead, both mean slant and uncertainty fitted models in which slant estimates are derived in a relatively straightforward way from local relations in the picture. Simplifying pictures tended to make orientation estimates less certain, particularly away from the natural anchor points (vertical and horizontal). The shape of the object affected all aspects of the observed-object/percept relationship. Individual differences were large, and suggest that different individuals used different relationships as a basis for their estimates. Overall, data suggest that everyday picture perception is strongly selective and weakly integrative. In particular, depicted slant is estimated by finding a picture feature which will be strongly related to it if the object contains a particular regularity, not by additive integration of evidence from multiple directly and indirectly relevant sources.

Perception of Slope and Distance in Photographs and in the Real World

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 33-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
I Davies ◽  
J Howes ◽  
J Huber ◽  
J Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Real World ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Scale Factor ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
The Real ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Natural Slopes

We report a series of experiments in which spatial judgments of the real world were compared with equivalent judgments of photographs of the real-world scenes. In experiment 1, subjects judged the angle from the horizontal of natural slopes. Judgments of slope correlated with true slope (r=0.88) but judgments were in general overestimates. Equivalent judgments of slope in photographs again correlated with true slope (r=0.91) but judgments tended to be overestimates for small angles (6°) and underestimates for larger angles (up to 25°). In experiment 2 slope judgments were made under laboratory conditions rather than in the natural world. The slopes, which were viewed monocularly, varied from 5° – 45°, and were either plain, or textured, or included perspective information (a rectangle drawn on the surface) or had both texture and perspective. Judgments were overestimates, but the correlation with true slope was high (r=0.97). Slopes with either texture or perspective were judged more accurately than plain slopes, but combining texture and perspective information conferred no further benefit. Judgment of the angle of the same slopes in photographs produced similar results, but the degree of overestimation (closer to the vertical) was greater than for the real slopes. In experiment 3, subjects either judged the distance of landmarks ranging from 200 m to 5000 m from the observation point, or judged distance to the landmarks in photographs. In both cases subjects' judgments were well described by a power function with exponents close to one. Although there are large individual differences, subjects' judgments of slope and distance are accurate to a scale factor, and photographs yield similar judgments to real scenes.

Experiments on the spacing of sugar beet: I. Results based on plot yields

1939 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Garner ◽  
H. G. Sanders
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Compensatory Growth ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
General Rule ◽  
The West ◽  
Spacing Factor ◽  
West Midlands ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
The Relationship

Since sugar beet was first introduced into this country many experiments have been conducted to determine the effects of spacing on yield: the general advice based on these experiments is that beet should be spaced as closely as working conditions permit. Davies (1931) carried out a series of experiments in the West Midlands, and came to the conclusion that yield was not related to the number of roots per acre, but was affected by their distribution. His work demonstrated that wide row distances could not be compensated by narrow spacing in the row. He found that yield increased as row distance decreased down to 16 in., but that singling distances of 4—10 in. produced no differences in yield of roots: the yield of green leaves, on the other hand, was increased as singling distance decreased, but was unaffected by row distance (Davies & Dudley, 1929). Although Davies' results would be generally accepted as a true expression of the general rule, many isolated spacing experiments fail to conform to them; it is possible that discrepancies in results, that undoubtedly occur, may be due to variations in the “plant” actually obtained in the experiments. Engledow et al. (1928), as a result of counts and weights taken on ordinary farm crops of sugar beet, concluded that uniformity of “plant” was a most important spacing factor affecting yield. In America Brewbaker & Deming (1935) have found yield to be related to percentage stand (correlation coefficients varying from +0·35 to +0·70), the regression between the two variables being approximately linear over the range studied. They also found that uniformity of “plant” was more important than spacing distances, either between or in the rows. Their work showed that single gaps had little effect on yield, because neighbouring beet compensated for them to the extent of 96·2%; serious loss of yield only occurred, therefore, with adjacent gaps. Pedersen (1933) studied the relationship between percentage of gaps and yield in a large number of Danish experiments with sugar beet and mangolds. In the case of sugar beet he found that the compensatory growth of neighbouring roots amounted to 76% for a single gap, and that the percentage compensation decreased as the size of gap (i.e. number of missing beet) increased. In an earlier paper (Pedersen, 1931) he had shown that under ordinary field conditions the distribution of gaps was approximately random.

Object Recognition under Sequential Viewing Conditions: Evidence for Viewpoint-Specific Recognition Procedures

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 595-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Lawson ◽  
Glyn W Humphreys ◽  
Derrick G Watson
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Primary Role ◽  
Object Knowledge ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Efficient Access ◽  
Neurophysiological Studies ◽  
Specific Object ◽  
Depth Rotation ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Descriptions

In many computational approaches to vision it has been emphasised that object recognition involves the encoding of view-independent descriptions prior to matching to a stored object model, thus enabling objects to be identified across different retinal projections. In contrast, neurophysiological studies suggest that image descriptions are matched to less abstract, view-specific representations, resulting in more efficient access to stored object knowledge for objects presented from a view similar to a stored viewpoint. Evidence favouring a primary role for view-specific object descriptions in object recognition is reported. In a series of experiments employing line drawings of familiar objects, the effects of depth rotation upon the efficiency of object recognition were investigated. Subjects were required to identify an object from a sequence of very briefly presented pictures. The results suggested that object recognition is based upon the matching of image descriptions to view-specific stored representations, and that priming effects under sequential viewing conditions are strongly influenced by the visual similarity of different views of objects.

Visual-Motor Organization: Differences between and within Individuals

1982 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 723-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph M. Notterman ◽  
Daniel R. Tufano ◽  
Jeffrey Scott Hrapsky
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Motor Tasks ◽  
Active Intervention ◽  
Pursuit Tracking ◽  
Reported Study ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Psychomotor Tasks ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Visual Motor

The research described in this monograph uses control theory's pursuit-tracking paradigm of voluntary movement to identify several elementary psychomotor tasks. They are simple to administer and tap increasingly complex, nonverbal cognitive or perceptual attributes. Two series of experiments are reported. Study 1 examined the hypothesis that dissimilar arrays of individual differences, as determined through test-retest correlations, may exist among the same subjects: first, across various static and dynamic visual and motor “tasks” selected from the terms of control theory's tracking equations and, second, in the organization of these tasks as represented by pursuit tracking. The hypothesis could not be rejected. Study 2 determined that test-retest individual differences in visual-motor organization not only persisted in the absence of practice, but that they also withstood active intervention by practice. This study also showed that subjects differ reliably in their ability to plan, i.e., to take advantage of coherence in visual-motor information.

The Relative Effectiveness of Serial and Parallel Viewing of Line Drawings Depicting Possible and Impossible Objects

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1271-1285
Author(s):  
Tatiana Tambouratzis ◽  
Michael J Wright
Keyword(s):  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Relative Effectiveness ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Three Dimensional Structure ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Consistent Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In a series of experiments, subjects were asked to make judgments concerning the three-dimensional constructibility of line drawings depicting possible and impossible objects. A spectrum of objects was employed in which complexity as well as, for impossible objects, the cause and saliency of the contradiction in three-dimensional structure varied widely. The line drawings were presented under varying viewing conditions and exposure times. It was found that line drawings of possible objects were more often correctly identified than those of impossible ones. Parallel (simultaneous) viewing was more efficient than serial viewing (in which a line drawing moved behind a narrow stationary aperture). The orientation of the aperture did not cause differences in the subjects' performance. Line-drawing complexity and contradiction in three-dimensional structure were not found to be significant for accurate recognition. Finally, no consistent effect of exposure duration on performance could be determined in the range 60–1000 ms.

The Role of Pictorial Convention in Haptic Picture Perception

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5020 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 887-893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leanne J Thompson ◽  
Edward P Chronicle ◽  
Alan F Collins
Keyword(s):  
Solid Surfaces ◽  
Picture Perception ◽  
Psychonomic Bulletin ◽  
Common Region ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Recognition Success ◽  
Tactile Pictures ◽  
Uniform Connectedness

An investigation of tactile picture perception is reported. Blindfolded sighted subjects explored either ‘line drawings’ or ‘textured’ tactile pictures produced on Zytex swell paper. All pictures were ‘two-dimensional’, that is they depicted only one object face and so did not represent a third dimension. Both picture sets represented the same objects. Results revealed that the textured pictures, in which solid surfaces of depicted objects were uniformly textured, were recognised more often than tactile line drawings, in which surfaces of objects were simply bounded by lines. There were no significant correlations between imagery ability (visual, cutaneous, or kinaesthetic) and picture recognition success. Texture may be a form of ‘uniform connectedness’ (Palmer and Rock 1994 Psychonomic Bulletin & Review1 29–55) or ‘common region’ (Palmer 1992 Cognitive Psychology24 436–447), highlighting the global characteristics of stimuli. We argue that textured pictures may encourage the haptic system to take a more globally oriented approach to tactile picture perception, benefiting recognition.

An Art in Revolution: Antecedents of Mexican Mural Painting, 1900-1920

1964 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert H. Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
Academic Training ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
Preparatory School ◽  
Mexican Art ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Government ◽  
San Carlos ◽  
Art School

In 1920, at the National Preparatory School in Mexico City a series of experiments into the techniques of fresco painting blossomed into a full-blown mural movement that captured and held the American imagination for thirty years. Long before the names of the painters were famous as “revolutionary” artists, however, Mexican art had been in revolutionary ferment. The painters, despite their many individual differences, shared a common rich heritage which made possible the success of the mural movement.The creative outburst which culminated in the Mexican mural movement was dependent upon two oddly dissimilar precedents. The first was the formal academic training most of the painters received at the Academy of San Carlos, the government-supported art school. The second was their participation in a bloody revolution and their assessment of the struggle when peace was restored.

scholarly journals Children struggle beyond preschool-age in a continuous version of the ambiguous figures task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Rafetseder ◽  
Sarah Schuster ◽  
Stefan Hawelka ◽  
Martin Doherty ◽  
Britt Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Ambiguous Figures ◽  
Continuous Version ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Processing Style ◽  
Target Animal ◽  
Level Performance

AbstractChildren until the age of five are only able to reverse an ambiguous figure when they are informed about the second interpretation. In two experiments, we examined whether children’s difficulties would extend to a continuous version of the ambiguous figures task. Children (Experiment 1: 66 3- to 5-year olds; Experiment 2: 54 4- to 9-year olds) and adult controls saw line drawings of animals gradually morph—through well-known ambiguous figures—into other animals. Results show a relatively late developing ability to recognize the target animal, with difficulties extending beyond preschool-age. This delay can neither be explained with improvements in theory of mind, inhibitory control, nor individual differences in eye movements. Even the best achieving children only started to approach adult level performance at the age of 9, suggesting a fundamentally different processing style in children and adults.

Standardization and Construct Validity of the Physiognomic Cue Test

1967 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry L. Rosett ◽  
Herbert Robbins ◽  
Walter S. Watson
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Construct Validity ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Factor B ◽  
Academic Field ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Admissions Criteria ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Control Principle

The Physiognomic Cue Test (PCT) has been standardized on 1038 high school seniors applying to art, architecture, and engineering schools. Two varimax factors were found which remained stable when 228 Ss were retested. The two factors are related but discriminably separate. They represent tendencies to accept physiognomic descriptions of line drawings presented in terms of affective states (Factor A) and in terms of inferred symbols of actual objects (Factor B). A number of hypotheses were tested to establish the construct validity of these factors. Scores are significantly related to academic field, sex, openness in expressing affect, art style, college admissions criteria, freshman grades, and to style of spontaneous response to these line drawings. Norms for this population were stable, yet may not be applicable to other groups. The PCT appears to be a suitable instrument for conveniently measuring individual differences on this cognitive control principle.

Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate?

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 645-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith E. Stanovich ◽  
Richard F. West
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Utility Theory ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Heuristics And Biases ◽  
Minor Factor ◽  
Performance Errors ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Behavior And Cognition

Much research in the last two decades has demonstrated that human responses deviate from the performance deemed normative according to various models of decision making and rational judgment (e.g., the basic axioms of utility theory). This gap between the normative and the descriptive can be interpreted as indicating systematic irrationalities in human cognition. However, four alternative interpretations preserve the assumption that human behavior and cognition is largely rational. These posit that the gap is due to (1) performance errors, (2) computational limitations, (3) the wrong norm being applied by the experimenter, and (4) a different construal of the task by the subject. In the debates about the viability of these alternative explanations, attention has been focused too narrowly on the modal response. In a series of experiments involving most of the classic tasks in the heuristics and biases literature, we have examined the implications of individual differences in performance for each of the four explanations of the normative/descriptive gap. Performance errors are a minor factor in the gap; computational limitations underlie non-normative responding on several tasks, particularly those that involve some type of cognitive decontextualization. Unexpected patterns of covariance can suggest when the wrong norm is being applied to a task or when an alternative construal of the task should be considered appropriate.

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