Blur and Contrast as Pictorial Depth Cues

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 599-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P O'Shea ◽  
Donovan G Govan ◽  
Robert Sekuler
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Reversible Figure ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Pictorial Depth ◽  
Depth Cue

Studies have shown that blur can act as a pictorial cue to depth perception. But blurring a stimulus reduces its contrast, and studies have also shown that contrast can act as a pictorial cue to depth perception. To determine whether blur and contrast have separate influences on depth perception, each variable was independently manipulated in two experiments. Observers reported depth alternations in a simple reversible figure. Both contrast and blur were found to influence depth perception, but blur had its greatest effect at moderate contrasts. When blurred and sharp stimuli were equated on either Michelson or RMS contrast, blur continued to affect depth perception. Hence blur can act as a depth cue independently of contrast. It is speculated that blur is effective as a pictorial cue because of its usual association with other depth cues, particularly in pictures and photographs.

Depth Perception in Pandora's Box and Size Illusion: Evolution with Age

Perception ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacques Chevrier ◽  
André Delorme
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Relative Position ◽  
Linear Perspective ◽  
Pictorial Stimulus ◽  
Texture Gradient ◽  
Familiar Size ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Pictorial Depth

The aim of the experiment was to study the evolution with age (6, 8, 11 and 14 years) of pictorial depth perception in Pandora's box and to compare it with the evolution of size illusion with the same subjects and the same pictorial backgrounds. In addition to familiar size and relative position, each pictorial stimulus contained one or more of the following depth cues: linear perspective, texture gradient, and interposition. The two kinds of measurements produced different results. Size illusions, although present, did not vary with age but increased with the number of cues. Estimates of distance in Pandora's box increased with age and varied according to the type of cue present: texture gradient seemed to be critical to the amount of depth perceived. The correlation between size adjustments and distance adjustments was significant only for the two oldest groups of subjects (11 and 14 years).

The myth of visual depth cues V: Motion parallax

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Maniatis
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Independent Factor ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Depth Cue

Motion parallax is conventionally described as a “depth cue.” Rogers & Graham (1979) are credited with providing fairly convincing evidence for this view. Here, I argue that, just as in the case of the other so-called “depth cues,” the claim that “motion parallax” constitutes an independent factor supporting shape and depth perception is circular. Authors offering apparent demonstrations of this cue fail to properly distinguish between proximal and distal stimulus and overlook the fundamental confound of figural organization.

Development of Ability to Perceive and Produce Pictorial Depth Cue of Overlapping

1976 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 1007-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Picture Plane ◽  
Matching Task ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Test Sensitivity ◽  
Pictorial Depth ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Third Dimension

The perception of the pictorial depth cue of overlapping was studied in children 3, 5, and 7 yr. old. Both a sequential and a simultaneous picture/object-matching task were used to test sensitivity. All age groups successfully perceived the depth relation information provided by pictorial overlapping. Height on the picture plane, which projectively covaries with overlapping, was not consistently used as a depth cue by any age group. Children's drawings were also analyzed for the presence of distance information. The drawings of the 3- and 5-yr.-old children contained no overlapping cues and indicated a general lack of understanding of the third dimension behind the picture plane. Seven-yr.-old children showed the beginnings of this understanding through their use of size perspective and height on the picture plane as depth cues. For all ages the production of the overlapping cue lags behind its perception.

scholarly journals Double Vision as a Pictorial Depth Cue

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 49-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pepperell ◽  
Anja Ruschkowski
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Double Vision ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Pictorial Depth ◽  
Natural Vision ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Monocular Depth ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

‘Double images’ are a little-noticed feature of human binocular vision caused by non-convergence of the eyes outside of the point of fixation. Double vision, or psychological diplopia, is closely linked to the perception of depth in natural vision as its perceived properties vary depending on proximity of the stimulus to the viewer. Very little attention, however, has been paid to double images in art or in scientific studies of pictorial depth. Double images have rarely been depicted and do not appear among the list of commonly cited monocular depth cues. In this study we discuss some attempts by artists to capture the doubled appearance of objects in pictures, and some of the relevant scientific work on double vision. We then present the results of a study designed to test whether the inclusion of double images in two-dimensional pictures can enhance the illusion of three-dimensional space. Our results suggest that double images can significantly enhance depth perception in pictures when combined with other depth cues such as blur. We conclude that double images could be added to the list of depth cues available to those wanting to create a greater sense of depth in pictures.

scholarly journals Perception of pictorial depth cues by pigeons

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sheri L. Reid ◽  
Marcia L. Spetch
Keyword(s):  
Depth Cues ◽  
Pictorial Depth

The myth of visual depth cues IV: Shape-from-shading

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Maniatis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Shape From Shading ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Depth Cue ◽  
Physical Fact

The popular idea that “shading” is a shape and depth “cue” is the result of a failure to appreciate that neither shading as a physical fact nor shading as a perceptual fact can serve to explain the process leading to visual experience, because the description “shading” does not apply to the proximal stimulation, where this process begins. Both perceived shape and perceived illumination are products of figural constraints.

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