Interactions of Monocular and Cyclopean Components and the Role of Depth in the Ebbinghaus Illusion

Perception ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 783-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V Papathomas ◽  
Akos Feher ◽  
Bela Julesz ◽  
Yehoshua Zeevi
Keyword(s):  
Canonical Form ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Ebbinghaus Illusion ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

A study of size interactions of objects in three-dimensional space is reported. The canonical form of the Ebbinghaus illusion—test circles surrounded by large or small inducers—was used. Both monocularly visible (M) and purely cyclopean (C) objects were displayed stereoscopically to isolate the monocular and cyclopean components of the illusion. The results of two experiments indicate that: (i) depth plays a significant role when the test circles are cyclopean, but not when they are monocularly visible; and (ii) the size of C objects is affected equally by C and M inducers, but the size of M objects is affected much more strongly by M than by C inducers. In conclusion, possible explanations are offered for the main trends in the data, the most interesting of which is that cyclopean tests seem to be interacting only with the cyclopean component of monocularly visible inducers.

Promoting Rapid Situation Awareness in Tactical Displays: The Role of 3-D Perspective Views and Realistic Symbols

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (21) ◽  
pp. 3-394-3-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey S. Smallman ◽  
Elaine Schiller ◽  
Craig A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Situation Awareness ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Air Defense ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Symbol Display ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

3-D displays populated with realistic 3-D icons have been touted as making good “at a glance” displays. Do they promote more rapid Situation Awareness (SA) than comparable 2-D displays? If so, is it the display format (2-D vs. 3-D) or the nature of the symbols (realistic icons vs. non-realistic symbols) populating the displays that matters, or both? Three groups of 13 participants observed a 9 minute naval air defense scenario. The first group saw it depicted in 3-D with icons, the second group saw it depicted in 2-D with icons and the third group saw it in 2-D with symbols. In each condition, the scenario was stopped every 30 seconds and we assessed ability to recall the attributes of four random tracks with an online questionnaire. We measured Endlesy's (1995) level 1 SA: the perception of elements of the display. SA for the 3-D display increased fastest over the course of the scenario. However, it started from one third the level of that for the 2-D symbol display and it took 4 minutes to reach 2-D levels. The advantages the 3-D display did confer were for those attributes that were visually explicit in the 3-D icons but available only in pop-up text boxes in the 2-D conditions. Similarly, depicting heading explicitly with the 2-D icons was superior to that with the 2-D symbols. The benefits of 3-D displays may sometimes stem from indirect application of good design principles, such as making certain information visually explicit, rather than from depicting three-dimensional space, per se. It remains an open question whether 2-D displays can be designed with comparable explicit analog coding.

scholarly journals NMR Characterization of the Interactions Between Glycosaminoglycans and Proteins

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changkai Bu ◽  
Lan Jin
Keyword(s):  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Gag Protein ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Nmr Characterization ◽  
Mammalian Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) constitute a considerable fraction of the glycoconjugates found on cellular membranes and in the extracellular matrix of virtually all mammalian tissues. The essential role of GAG-protein interactions in the regulation of physiological processes has been recognized for decades. However, the underlying molecular basis of these interactions has only emerged since 1990s. The binding specificity of GAGs is encoded in their primary structures, but ultimately depends on how their functional groups are presented to a protein in the three-dimensional space. This review focuses on the application of NMR spectroscopy on the characterization of the GAG-protein interactions. Examples of interpretation of the complex mechanism and characterization of structural motifs involved in the GAG-protein interactions are given. Selected families of GAG-binding proteins investigated using NMR are also described.

scholarly journals The Role of Intuition and Formal Thinking in Kant, Riemann, Husserl, Poincare, Weyl, and in Current Mathematics and Physics

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-53
Author(s):  
Luciano Boi
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Geometric Objects ◽  
New Form ◽  
Subjective Space ◽  
Three Dimensional Space ◽  
Mathematics And Physics

Abstract According to Kant, the axioms of intuition, i.e. space and time, must provide an organization of the sensory experience. However, this first orderliness of empirical sensations seems to depend on a kind of faculty pertaining to subjectivity, rather than to the encounter of these same intuitions with the real properties of phenomena. Starting from an analysis of some very significant developments in mathematical and theoretical physics in the last decades, in which intuition played an important role, we argue that nevertheless intuition comes into play in a fundamentally different way to that which Kant had foreseen: in the form of a formal or “categorical” yet not sensible intuition. We show further that the statement that our space is mathematically three-dimensional and locally Euclidean by no means follows from a supposed a priori nature of the sensible or subjective space as Kant claimed. In fact, the three-dimensional space can bear many different geometrical and topological structures, as particularly the mathematical results of Milnor, Smale, Thurston and Donaldson demonstrated. On the other hand, it has been stressed that even the phenomenological or perceptual space, and especially the visual system, carries a very rich geometrical organization whose structure is essentially non-Euclidean. Finally, we argue that in order to grasp the meaning of abstract geometric objects, as n-dimensional spaces, connections on a manifold, fiber spaces, module spaces, knotted spaces and so forth, where sensible intuition is essentially lacking and where therefore another type of mathematical idealization intervenes, we need to develop a new form of intuition.

scholarly journals Exploring Mondrian Compositions in Three-Dimensional Space

Leonardo ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-69
Author(s):  
Jasmina Stevanov ◽  
Johannes M. Zanker
Keyword(s):  
Interior Design ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Constraints ◽  
Standards Of Beauty ◽  
Perceptual Factors ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The dogmatic nature of Piet Mondrian’s neoplasticism manifesto initiated a discourse about translating aesthetic ideals from paintings to 3D structures. Mondrian rarely ventured into architectural design, and his unique interior design of “Salon de Madame B … à Dresden” was not executed. The authors discuss physical constraints and perceptual factors that conflict with neoplastic ideals. Using physical and virtual models of the salon, the authors demonstrate challenges with perspective projections and show how such distortions could be minimized in a cylinder. The paradoxical percept elicited by a “reverspective” Mondrian-like space further highlights the essential role of perceptual processes in reaching neoplastic standards of beauty.

scholarly journals THEORY OF SURFACES IN FOUR-DIMENSIONAL GALILEAN SPACE

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-39
Author(s):  
A. Nurbayev
Keyword(s):  
Heisenberg Group ◽  
Canonical Form ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Special Choice ◽  
Surface Equation ◽  
Coordinate Lines ◽  
Galilean Space ◽  
Order Surface ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

By means of a special choice of coordinate lines of the surface in four-dimensional Galilean space, the first and second quadratic shape of the surface is defined. It has been proved that the second-order surface equation in three-dimensional space can be converted to a canonical form by means of a special transformation, which is the rotation of the coordinate axes of three-dimensional Galilean space. Furthermore, the transformation matrix is an element of the Heisenberg group that is neither symmetric nor orthogonal. In four-dimensional space R41 - the concept of a surface indicator is introduced and the main curvature of the surface is defined.

scholarly journals A framework for three-dimensional navigation research

2013 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 571-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn J. Jeffery ◽  
Aleksandar Jovalekic ◽  
Madeleine Verriotis ◽  
Robin Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Research Program ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Comparative Cognition ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Frames Of Reference ◽  
The Core ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

AbstractWe have argued that the neurocognitive representation of large-scale, navigable three-dimensional space is anisotropic, having different properties in vertical versus horizontal dimensions. Three broad categories organize the experimental and theoretical issues raised by the commentators: (1) frames of reference, (2) comparative cognition, and (3) the role of experience. These categories contain the core of a research program to show how three-dimensional space is represented and used by humans and other animals.

Extension of the Spatial PDI Model to Three Dimensions

1997 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 176-178
Author(s):  
Frank O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Population Density ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Finite Lattice ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Upper Bounds ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Lower And Upper Bounds ◽  
Density Index ◽  
Three Dimensional Space

The author's population density index ( PDI) model is extended to three-dimensional distributions. A derived formula is presented that allows for the calculation of the lower and upper bounds of density in three-dimensional space for any finite lattice.

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