Visual Processing of Facial Distinctiveness

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip J Benson ◽  
David I Perrett
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Perceptual Assessment ◽  
Interaction Approach ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Continuous Range

Three experiments are reported in which the role of facial distinctiveness in line-drawing representations of famous faces has been examined. In the first subjects were asked to select their impressions of best likeness interactively from a continuous range of drawings generated in real-time. On average, 42% of caricatures were considered to be the best likeness of famous individuals. The distinctiveness of the target faces related by independent observers correlated with the degree of exaggeration faces received to produce an optimal likeness. More distinctive faces required less caricaturing. In the second experiment caricature levels chosen as best likenesses were investigated. Caricatures of famous faces were recognised more quickly (by 36% of subjects) and more accurately (by 28%) than the true veridical drawings. Thus caricature enhancement can improve recognition in terms of both speed and accuracy. In the third experiment the role of distinctiveness and its interaction with external and internal facial features was investigated. The external (outer) hairline present in the previous experiment was found to provide a powerful frame of reference for the perceptual assessment of individuals' appearances; estimations of best likeness without external features present were, on average, veridical. It is concluded that accurate line drawings of even highly familiar faces are poor at conveying identity. Distinctiveness enhancement improves their likeness and their recognisability. Such caricatured drawings provide improved access to memories of famous faces, which lends strong support to models of human-face memory and processing based on norm-based coding. When required to decide upon the veracity of line drawings based only upon internal features subjects were able to make accurate judgments of veridicality. As well as validating the interaction approach to best-likeness judgments, this result further indicates the difficulty in making judgments of identification based on piecemeal and sparse configural information.

How do the Internal Details of the Object Contribute to Recognition?

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3421 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1289-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidemichi Mitsumatsu ◽  
Kazuhiko Yokosawa
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Main Axis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
The Difference

Object recognition becomes difficult when the main axis of the object is foreshortened. It has previously been reported that this so-called foreshortened disadvantage is larger when the silhouette of the object is presented than when the line drawing of the object is presented. The pronounced foreshortened disadvantage in silhouette recognition indicates that the internal details of the object, which are absent in the silhouette, provide useful information, particularly when the main axis is foreshortened. But the role of these internal details remains controversial. One account for the pronounced disadvantage is that the internal details contribute to the derivation of the main axis. The other account is that internal details provide the distinctive features that are directly matched to the object represented in memory. The aim in the present study was to determine which of these two explanations best accounts for the differential foreshortened disadvantage between line drawings and silhouettes. To reduce the uncertainty regarding the axis orientation, a 3-D arrow indicating the orientation of the main axis was presented as a cue before the object itself was presented. As a result, the difference in the foreshortened disadvantage between silhouettes and line drawings disappeared. This indicated that the pronounced foreshortened disadvantage for silhouettes was caused by a lack of axis information. In other words, the internal details provided the information necessary for axis derivation when the axis was foreshortened.

Inverting line drawings of faces 1This manuscript was started in Stirling when the first author was staying there with a research Grant from the Swiss National Fond. We want to thank Alexia Knüsel and Anne Zbinden for their help in data collection and Adrian von Mühlenen who allowed to publish his face to illustrate the stimulus material. Moreover, we thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments.

2000 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut Leder ◽  
Vicki Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
The Face ◽  
Edge Based ◽  
Sequential Matching ◽  
Research Grant

Two conditions which both disrupt faces processing, inversion and the transformation of the face into an edge-based line drawing, have each been explained at least partially in terms of a disruption of configural information. Five experiments are reported in which the combined effects of the two manipulations were investigated, to find out how the combination of both affects face processing. Moreover, two different tasks were used: sequential matching of person identity and free identification. The general pattern of result revealed that in both tasks effects of both manipulations are rather additive and thus it is concluded that both manipulations are disruptive through different sorts of information processing. It is discussed how at least two different kinds of configural information are involved in face processing. The comparison of the two tasks, identification and sequential matching, indicates that identification is the more critical condition as it cannot be based on inferences that are probably due to short-term representations of critical features - although both tasks reveal similar results.

scholarly journals The Role of Edges in Line Drawing Perception

Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-275
Author(s):  
Aaron Hertzmann
Keyword(s):  
Line Drawing ◽  
Line Drawings

It has often been conjectured that the effectiveness of line drawings can be explained by the similarity of edge images to line drawings. This article presents several problems with explaining line drawing perception in terms of edges, and how the recently proposed Realism Hypothesis resolves these problems. There is nonetheless existing evidence that edges are often the best features for predicting where people draw lines; this article describes how the Realism Hypothesis can explain this evidence.

The Role of Edges in Object Recognition by Pigeons

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p5427 ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 34 (11) ◽  
pp. 1353-1374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessie J Peissig ◽  
Michael E Young ◽  
Edward A Wasserman ◽  
Irving Biederman
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Human Recognition ◽  
Single View ◽  
Line Drawings ◽  
Consistent Condition ◽  
Depth Discontinuities ◽  
Planar Rotations

In three experiments, we explored how pigeons use edges, corresponding to orientation and depth discontinuities, in visual recognition tasks. In experiment 1, we compared the pigeon's ability to recognize line drawings of four different geons when trained with shaded images. The birds were trained with either a single view or five different views of each object. Because the five training views had markedly different appearances and locations of shaded surfaces, reflectance edges, etc, the pigeons might have been expected to rely more on the orientation and depth discontinuities that were preserved over rotation and in the line drawings. In neither condition, however, was there any transfer from the rendered images to the outline drawings. In experiment 2, some pigeons were trained with line drawings and shaded images of the same objects associated with the same response (consistent condition), whereas other pigeons were trained with a line drawing and a shaded image of two different objects associated with the same response (inconsistent condition). If the pigeons perceived any correspondence between the stimulus types, then birds in the consistent condition should have learned the discrimination more quickly than birds in the inconsistent condition. But, there was no difference in performance between birds in the consistent and inconsistent conditions. In experiment 3, we explored pigeons' processing of edges by comparing their discrimination of shaded images or line drawings of four objects. Once trained, the pigeons were tested with planar rotations of those objects. The pigeons exhibited different patterns of generalization depending on whether they were trained with line drawings or shaded images. The results of these three experiments suggest that pigeons may place greater importance on surface features indicating materials, such as food or water. Such substances do not have definite boundaries—cued by edges—which are thought to be central to human recognition.

Top-Down Processing and Visual Reorientation Illusions in a Virtual Reality Environment

2004 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 143-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred W. Mast ◽  
Charles M. Oman
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Line Length ◽  
Perceptual Cues ◽  
Virtual Reality Environment ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

The role of top-down processing on the horizontal-vertical line length illusion was examined by means of an ambiguous room with dual visual verticals. In one of the test conditions, the subjects were cued to one of the two verticals and were instructed to cognitively reassign the apparent vertical to the cued orientation. When they have mentally adjusted their perception, two lines in a plus sign configuration appeared and the subjects had to evaluate which line was longer. The results showed that the line length appeared longer when it was aligned with the direction of the vertical currently perceived by the subject. This study provides a demonstration that top-down processing influences lower level visual processing mechanisms. In another test condition, the subjects had all perceptual cues available and the influence was even stronger.

Featural and Configural Processing of Faces and Houses in Matched Dyslexic and Typical Readers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahareh Jozranjbar ◽  
Arni Kristjansson ◽  
Heida Maria Sigurdardottir
Keyword(s):  
Object Recognition ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Visual Recognition ◽  
Reading Deficits ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Lower House ◽  
Single Process ◽  
Processing Mechanisms

While dyslexia is typically described as a phonological deficit, recent evidence suggests that ventral stream regions, important for visual categorization and object recognition, are hypoactive in dyslexic readers who might accordingly show visual recognition deficits. By manipulating featural and configural information of faces and houses, we investigated whether dyslexic readers are disadvantaged at recognizing certain object classes or utilizing particular visual processing mechanisms. Dyslexic readers found it harder to recognize objects (houses), suggesting that visual problems in dyslexia are not completely domain-specific. Mean accuracy for faces was equivalent in the two groups, compatible with domain-specificity in face processing. While face recognition abilities correlated with reading ability, lower house accuracy was nonetheless related to reading difficulties even when accuracy for faces was kept constant, suggesting a specific relationship between visual word recognition and the recognition of non-face objects. Representational similarity analyses (RSA) revealed that featural and configural processes were clearly separable in typical readers, while dyslexic readers appeared to rely on a single process. This occurred for both faces and houses and was not restricted to particular visual categories. We speculate that reading deficits in some dyslexic readers reflect their reliance on a single process for object recognition.

Role of Yoga in Lifestyle Disorders w.s.r. to Diabetes Mellitus Type-2

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar K. Pardeshi ◽  
Sachinkumar Patil
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Behavioral Pattern ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Diet Pattern ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

21st century is full of stress requiring more speed and accuracy. In today’s world of competition, diet pattern, lifestyle and behavioral pattern of people has changed. Late working hours, deadlines of work and stress have become a parcel of daily life. Due to this people have won’t have time for exercise and Yoga and end up in various lifestyle disorder, like Diabetes mellitus, Dyslipidemia, Obesity, Cardiovascular diseases etc. Diabetes mellitus is one of most leading disorder in all of them. The worldwide prevalence of D.M. has raised dramatically over past two decades, from an estimated 30 million cases in 1985 to 177 million in 2000. Based on current trends, > 360 million individuals will have diabetes by the year 2030. Diabetes mellitus is mentioned in our Samhitas as disorder of lethargic and exercise less lifestyle disorder and termed it as Madhumeha. Caused by mainly Apathyaahara and Viharsevana. Chikitsa of Madhumeha focused on Pathyaaahara and Vihar (lifestyle) in management of Madhumeha. This article is deal with healthy lifestyle including Yoga mentioned in Ayurveda Samhita for management of prevention and treatment of Lifestyle disorders.

Repetition Suppression of Induced Gamma Activity Predicts Enhanced Orienting toward a Novel Stimulus in 6-month-old Infants

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 2137-2152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly A. Snyder ◽  
Andreas Keil
Keyword(s):  
Visual Processing ◽  
Novelty Detection ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Human Infant ◽  
Gamma Activity ◽  
Repeated Stimulus ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
The Face ◽  
Over 40 Years

Habituation refers to a decline in orienting or responding to a repeated stimulus, and can be inferred to reflect learning about the properties of the repeated stimulus when followed by increased orienting to a novel stimulus (i.e., novelty detection). Habituation and novelty detection paradigms have been used for over 40 years to study perceptual and mnemonic processes in the human infant, yet important questions remain about the nature of these processes in infants. The aim of the present study was to examine the neural mechanisms underlying habituation and novelty detection in infants. Specifically, we investigated changes in induced alpha, beta, and gamma activity in 6-month-old infants during repeated presentations of either a face or an object, and examined whether these changes predicted behavioral responses to novelty at test. We found that induced gamma activity over occipital scalp regions decreased with stimulus repetition in the face condition but not in the toy condition, and that greater decreases in the gamma band were associated with enhanced orienting to a novel face at test. The pattern and topography of these findings are consistent with observations of repetition suppression in the occipital–temporal visual processing pathway, and suggest that encoding in infant habituation paradigms may reflect a form of perceptual learning. Implications for the role of repetition suppression in infant habituation and novelty detection are discussed with respect to a biased competition model of visual attention.

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