Interaction of Visual and Tactile Information in the Control of Chicks' Locomotion in the Visual Cliff

Perception ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1319-1331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick R Green ◽  
Ian B Davies ◽  
Mark N O Davies
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Head Orientation ◽  
Relative Depth ◽  
Deep Side ◽  
Tactile Information ◽  
Vertical Distance ◽  
Shallow Side ◽  
Correct Direction ◽  
Step Over

The behaviour of two-day-old chicks placed on the deep side of a visual cliff was examined. With increasing depth of the floor below the chicks, latency to move over the deep side towards another chick on the shallow side increased, while speed of locomotion decreased. Chicks given the same incentive to step over a visible edge onto the deep side showed a stronger inhibition of movement at all depths, indicating that absolute depth of a surface and relative depth of an edge affect behaviour differently. At depths greater than 4 cm, the majority of chicks performed a jump from the deep to the shallow side, and the distances over which they jumped corresponded to those jumped when tested with a real gap. These results suggest that detection of the far side of a gap alone is sufficient to elicit a jump. Just before jumping, chicks adopted a head orientation which depended on the vertical distance of the cliff edge below them. Changes in head orientation did not maintain retinal fixation of the edge, and may instead be important in setting the correct direction of thrust when jumping.

Depth Discrimination in Rats on Visual Cliffs

1964 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doris C. Dehardt ◽  
David L. Whitney
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Deep Side ◽  
Open Model ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Texture Density ◽  
Shallow Side

On an open visual cliff rats significantly preferred the shallow side while on an otherwise comparable closed cliff they did not, suggesting either that depth discrimination is enhanced by the additional information provided by the deep side of the open model, or that animals merely avoided the large open area of the deep side. The latter suggests that side preferences in open model cliffs are not necessarily valid indicators of visual depth discriminability in rats. Texture density was not a sufficient cue for depth discriminability as indicated by the preference of Ss for 1-in. checks in both 3-in. vs 1-in. and 1-in. vs ¼-in. comparison tests.

Reactions of Two Strains of Young Chicks to Depth

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 803-806
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Stern ◽  
Nan K. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Stimulus ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Deep Side ◽  
Shallow Side ◽  
Young Chicks

An auditory stimulus, cheeping, was used in an attempt to establish a preference in 40 DeKalb No. 131 and 40 Ghostley chicks for the deep side of a visual cliff. Approximately 80% of all responses were made to the shallow side. The cheeping, however, did have a differential effect on the number of deep responses by the two strains; in one strain a significantly greater number of deep responses was made when the deep side of the cliff faced in the direction of the noise, while in the other strain this difference was not observed. Some theoretical aspects of depth perception are discussed.

Effects of a Shaped Pattern Preference on Depth Avoidance by Human Infants in the Visual Cliff Situation

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 919-925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Warnberg ◽  
John W. Somervill
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Patterned Surfaces ◽  
Deep Side ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Shaping Procedure ◽  
Pattern Preference ◽  
Shaped Pattern

19 crawling infants were presented on the visual cliff. Subsequently, a preference for a smaller checked pattern was successfully established for 10 infants in a non-depth situation where both patterns were placed directly beneath the glass. Although no infants descended to the deep side when patterned surfaces were displayed in the pretest, 5 of 10 infants who reached criterion for the shaping procedure descended to the deep side and 5 to the shallow in a posttest. Under nonpatterned conditions, a consistent preference for shallow or deep sides was not evidenced in either pretest or posttest conditions.

Motion Parallax in the Visual Cliff Situation

1971 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Somervill
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Direct Manipulation ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Shallow Side

Walk's (1965) assumption that motion parallax is “the critical cue” for depth discrimination by newly hatched chicks was assessed by the use of 3-dimensional striped patterns on each side of the centerboard. The 3-dimensional patterns served two purposes: (1) to test an hypothesis that chicks would show no significant preference for the “shallow” side if motion parallax cues were presented independent of the solid appearance furnished by 2-dimensional surfaces and (2) to permit direct manipulation of the stimulus basis for motion parallax. Ss were 250 chicks, 6 to 24 hr. old. Results provide evidence that stimuli for motion parallax, devoid of the solid appearance of 2-dimensional surfaces, are sufficient cues for depth discrimination by chicks.

scholarly journals Impact of High-Rise Buildings Construction Process on Adjacent Tunnels

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haifeng Guo ◽  
Aijun Yao ◽  
Jiantao Zhang ◽  
Yijun Zhou ◽  
Yanfei Guo
Keyword(s):  
Earth Pressure ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Construction Process ◽  
Deep Foundation ◽  
Deep Side ◽  
Foundation Pit ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Shallow Side ◽  
Deep Foundation Excavation ◽  
The Impact

The demand for buildings constructed along subway lines is increasing, and analysis of the impact of foundation excavation and building construction on adjacent tunnels is critical. This study investigated the variation law of tunnel deformation and surrounding earth pressure on an existing tunnel resulting from deep foundation excavation and the load of buildings. Four groups of scale model tests and corresponding numerical simulation calculations were conducted in four different modes: over unloading-loading, shallow-side unloading-loading, middle-side unloading-loading, and deep-side unloading-loading, which are according to the different relative position of the foundation pit and the tunnel. The results show that when the tunnel stretches across different areas, corresponding deformation occurs owing to the different mechanical mechanisms during excavation and loading. The results can provide evidence for the further study on the impact of adjacent construction process on the tunnels.

Infants' Age and Walking Experience Shapes Perception-Action Coupling When Crossing Obstacles

2018 ◽  
Vol 126 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201
Author(s):  
Ana P. B. Vieira ◽  
Raquel P. Carvalho ◽  
Ana M. F. Barela ◽  
José A. Barela
Keyword(s):  
Relative Phase ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Interlimb Coordination ◽  
Horizontal Distance ◽  
Motor Action ◽  
Vertical Distance ◽  
Step Over ◽  
Action Coupling ◽  
Perception Action

This study examined the effects of age and walking experience on infants' ability to step over an obstacle. We videotaped 30 infants with one (mean [ M] age = 12.6 months), three ( M age = 14.7 months), and six months ( M age = 17.7 months) of walking experience walking on a pathway with and without an obstacle. We found a shorter stride and slower velocity for infants with one month of walking experience and for the walking condition with an obstacle than for other experience groups or for walking without an obstacle. Across all groups, the horizontal distance between an infant's foot and the obstacle was larger for the trailing leg than for the leading leg. The vertical distance for both legs was similar among 1-month walkers, increased for 3-month walkers, and was similar for the trailing leg of the 6-month walker group. The percentage of the interlimb coordination relative phase for the leading limb was smaller for 3- and 6-month walker groups. In conclusion, age and walking experience contribute to improving coupling between sensory information and motor action and to organization for stepping over an obstacle in infants.

Retinal Size in the Visual Cliff Situation

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 903-911
Author(s):  
John W. Somervill ◽  
Sara Sharratt
Keyword(s):  
Motion Parallax ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Retinal Size ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Significant Preference ◽  
Total Size ◽  
Depth Discrimination ◽  
Shallow Side

300 one-day-old chicks were used in two experiments. Exp. I was designed to test an hypothesis that unequal retinal size is an insufficient cue for depth discrimination in a visual cliff situation. One group of Ss was exposed to mirrors on deep and shallow sides which reflected only their image and a white ceiling. A second group was exposed to white patterns, and a third to stripe patterns equated for retinal size. No significant preferences were found. No conclusions were made regarding the cue of unequal retinal size. In Exp. II, motion parallax was maximized by the use of three-dimensional patterns. One group was exposed to 3-D patterns equated for retinal size, a second to 2-D patterns unequated, and a third to 3-D patterns unequated. A significant preference for the shallow side was found only for the first group. Results of both experiments suggested that the total size of the pattern areas was too small to permit consistent depth discrimination. Implications for studies attempting to define thresholds were discussed.

Use of an Electrified Center Board in the Study of Chicks on the Visual Cliff

1966 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Quinta
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Shocked Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Shallow Side ◽  
Shock Stimulus ◽  
Center Board

An electrified grid was used with chicks to reduce latencies and no-response trials on the visual cliff. No significant difference in percentages of deep and shallow side descents was found between the shocked and non-shocked groups. The shocked group had significantly lower latencies and it had no no-descent trials. It was concluded that some improvement in the efficiency of experimentation with the chick might be achieved by the application of a shock stimulus.

Distance Perception in the Spiny Mouse Acomys Cahirinus: Vertical Jumping

1992 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie Goldman ◽  
Alexander J. Skolnick ◽  
Teresa P. Hernandez ◽  
Ethel Tobach
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Spiny Mouse ◽  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Postural Adjustment ◽  
Acomys Cahirinus ◽  
Effective Stimulus ◽  
Vertical Jumping ◽  
Shallow Side ◽  
Laboratory Situation

Acomys cahirinus, a precocial muroid, that has shown precise jumping in the natural habitat, did not jump from 25 cm in a laboratory situation. To investigate this further, A. cahirinus were observed jumping from platforms at two different heights, onto different sized checkered substrates and from a visual cliff. Adult animals discriminated between platforms that were 6.4 cm and 25.4 cm above the substrate and between small and large checkered patterns on the floor. Most adult animals and neonates jumped down on the shallow side of the visual cliff. Animals developed individual patterns of jumping over a series of trials, with some jumping often, some rarely, and others jumping only from the low platform. Good distance perception was indicated when they did not jump from heights, and by their making appropriate postural adjustment when they did jump from heights and landed without mishap. Different spacing of trials indicated that height was a more effective stimulus for animals which had all four conditions on the same day, while floor pattern was more effective for animals with each of the four conditions on a separate day.

Descent Behavior of Rats and Chicks in a Cliff and Non-Cliff Situation

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Somervill ◽  
Christine Zarat Somervill
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cliff ◽  
Shallow Side ◽  
Behavior Of Rats

A visual cliff was constructed so that patterns could appear below the centerboard as “shallow” and “deep” or vertical to the centerboard as “near” and “far.” Preference for the shallow side was significant only for chicks. Preference for the near vertical pattern was significant for both chicks and rats. These findings indicate that both rats and chicks will descend to the nearer of two patterns in a non-cliff situation.

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