Psychophysical Evidence for an Extrastriate Contribution to a Pattern-Selective Motion Aftereffect

Perception ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wenderoth ◽  
Rohan Bray ◽  
Syren Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Pattern Motion ◽  
Component Motion ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Motion Aftereffects ◽  
Vertical Test

A stationary vertical test grating appears to drift to the left after adaptation to an inducing grating drifting to the right, this being known as the motion aftereffect (MAE). Pattern-specific motion aftereffects (PSMAEs) induced by superimposed pairs of gratings in which the component gratings drift up and down but the observer sees a single coherent plaid drifting to the right have been investigated. Two experiments are reported in which it is demonstrated that the PSMAE is tuned more to the motion of the pattern than to the orientation and direction of motion of the component gratings. However, when subjects adapt to the component gratings in alternation, aftereffect magnitude is dependent upon the individual grating orientations and motion directions. These results can be interpreted in terms of extrastriate contributions to the PSMAE, possibly arising from the middle temporal area, where some cells, unlike those in striate cortex (V1), are tuned to pattern motion rather than to component motion.

Visual motion processing in the anterior ectosylvian sulcus of the cat

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 895-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Scannell ◽  
F. Sengpiel ◽  
M. J. Tovee ◽  
P. J. Benson ◽  
C. Blakemore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Area ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Anterior Ectosylvian Sulcus ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Pattern Motion ◽  
Middle Temporal Area ◽  
Component Motion

1. Neurons that are selectively sensitive to the direction of motion of elongated contours have been found in several cortical areas in many species. However, in the striate cortex of the cat and monkey, and the extrastriate posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area of the cat, such cells are generally component motion selective, signaling only the direction of movement orthogonal to the preferred orientation; a direction that is not necessarily the same as the motion of the entire pattern or texture of which the cell's preferred contour is part. The primate extrastriate middle temporal area is the only cortical region currently known to contain a substantial population of pattern-motion-selective cells that respond to the shared vector of motion of mixtures of contours. 2. From analyzing published data on the connectivity of the cat's cortex, we predicted that the anterior ectosylvian visual area (AEV), situated within the anterior ectosylvian sulcus, might be a higher-order motion processing area and thus likely to contain pattern-motion-selective neurons. This paper presents the results of a study on neuronal responses in AEV. 3. Ninety percent of AEV cells that responded strongly to drifting grating and/or plaid stimuli were directionally selective (directionality index > 0.5). For this group, the mean directionality index was 0.75. Moreover, 55% of these cells were unequivocally classified as pattern motion selective and only one neuron was classified as definitely component motion selective. Thus high-level pattern motion coding occurs in the cat extrastriate cortex and is not limited to the primate middle temporal area. 4. AEV contains a heterogeneous population of directionally selective cells. There was no clear relation between the degree of directional selectivity for plaids or gratings and the degree of selectivity for pattern motion or component motion. Nevertheless, 28% of the highly responsive cells were both more strongly modulated by plaids than gratings and more pattern motion selective than component motion selective. Such cells could correspond to a population of "selection units" signaling the salience of local motion information. 5. AEV lacks global retinotopic order but the preferred direction of motion of neurons (rather than axis of motion, as in the middle temporal area and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area) is mapped systematically across the cortex. Our data are compatible with AEV being a nonretinotopic, feature-mapped area in which cells representing similar parts of "motion space" are brought together on the cortical sheet.

scholarly journals Treatment Response Prediction and Individualized Identification of Short-Term Abstinence Methamphetamine Dependence Using Brain Graph Metrics

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui Yan ◽  
Xuefei Yang ◽  
Ru Yang ◽  
Wenhan Yang ◽  
Jing Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Response ◽  
Response Prediction ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Graph Metrics ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Orbital Part

Background: The abuse of methamphetamine (MA) worldwide has gained international attention as the most rapidly growing illicit drug problem. The classification and treatment response prediction of MA addicts are thereby paramount, in order for effective treatments to be more targeted to individuals. However, there has been limited progress.Methods: In the present study, 43 MA-dependent participants and 38 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled, and their resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were collected. MA-dependent participants who showed 50% reduction in craving were defined as responders to treatment. The present study used the machine learning method, which is a support vector machine (SVM), to detect the most relevant features for discriminating and predicting the treatment response for MA-dependent participants based on the features extracted from the functional graph metrics.Results: A classifier was able to differentiate MA-dependent subjects from normal controls, with a cross-validated prediction accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 73.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 71.23–74.17%), 66.05% (95% CI = 63.06–69.04%), and 80.35% (95% CI = 77.77–82.93%), respectively, at the individual level. The most accurate combination of classifier features included the nodal efficiency in the right middle temporal gyrus and the community index in the left precentral gyrus and cuneus. Between these two, the community index in the left precentral gyrus had the highest importance. In addition, the classification performance of the other classifier used to predict the treatment response of MA-dependent subjects had an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 71.2% (95% CI = 69.28–73.12%), 86.75% (95% CI = 84.48–88.92%), and 55.65% (95% CI = 52.61–58.79%), respectively, at the individual level. Furthermore, the most accurate combination of classifier features included the nodal clustering coefficient in the right orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus, the nodal local efficiency in the right orbital part of the superior frontal gyrus, and the right triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus and right temporal pole of middle temporal gyrus. Among these, the nodal local efficiency in the right temporal pole of the middle temporal gyrus had the highest feature importance.Conclusion: The present study identified the most relevant features of MA addiction and treatment based on SVMs and the features extracted from the graph metrics and provided possible biomarkers to differentiate and predict the treatment response for MA-dependent patients. The brain regions involved in the best combinations should be given close attention during the treatment of MA.

Reduction of a pattern-induced motion aftereffect by binocular rivalry suggests the involvement of extrastriate mechanisms

1993 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 703-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick Van Der Zwan ◽  
Peter Wenderoth ◽  
David Alais
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Striate Cortex ◽  
Motion Aftereffect ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Induced Motion ◽  
Motion Aftereffects

AbstractPrevious research suggests that plaid-induced motion aftereffects (MAEs) involve extrastriate mechanisms (Wenderoth et al., 1988). There is evidence also that binocular rivalry occurs beyond VI and that it disrupts the processing of MAEs which are believed to be based upon extrastriate mechanisms (e.g. the spiral MAE) but not MAEs, such as linear MAE induced by a drifting grating, which are thought to arise in striate cortex (Wiesenfelder & Blake, 1990). The logical inference is that binocular rivalry during drifting plaid-induced adaptation should reduce the MAEs which result. We report experiments which confirm this prediction.

scholarly journals Differential activation of the middle-temporal complex to visual stimulation in migraineurs

Cephalalgia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 338-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Antal ◽  
Rafael Polania ◽  
Katharina Saller ◽  
Carmen Morawetz ◽  
Carsten Schmidt-Samoa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Cortical Folding ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Posterior Portion ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Medial Superior Temporal ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Interictal State

Objective: Differences between people with and without migraine on various measures of visual perception have been attributed to abnormal cortical processing due to the disease. The aim of the present study was to explore the dynamics of the basic interictal state with regard to the extrastriate, motion-responsive middle temporal area (MT-complex) with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 tesla using coherent/incoherent moving dot stimuli. Method: Twenty-four migraine patients (12 with aura [MwA], 12 without aura [MwoA]) and 12 healthy subjects participated in the study. The individual cortical folding pattern was accounted for by using a cortical matching approach. Results: In the inferior-posterior portion of the MT-complex, most likely representing MT, control subjects showed stronger bilateral activation compared to MwA and MwoA patients. Compared with healthy controls MwoA and MwA patients showed significantly stronger activation mainly at the left side in response to visual stimulation in the superior-anterior portion of the MT-complex, representing the medial-superior temporal area (MST). Conclusion: Our findings strengthen the hypothesis that hyperresponsiveness of the visual cortex in migraine goes beyond early visual areas, even in the interictal period.

scholarly journals Auditory modulation of spiking activity and local field potentials in area MT does not appear to underlie an audiovisual temporal illusion

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 1340-1355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hulusi Kafaligonul ◽  
Thomas D. Albright ◽  
Gene R. Stoner
Keyword(s):  
Local Field ◽  
Auditory Input ◽  
Area Mt ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Temporal Ventriloquism ◽  
Middle Temporal Area ◽  
Audiovisual Stimuli ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spiking Activity

The timing of brief stationary sounds has been shown to alter the perceived speed of visual apparent motion (AM), presumably by altering the perceived timing of the individual frames of the AM stimuli and/or the duration of the interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between those frames. To investigate the neural correlates of this “temporal ventriloquism” illusion, we recorded spiking and local field potential (LFP) activity from the middle temporal area (area MT) in awake, fixating macaques. We found that the spiking activity of most MT neurons (but not the LFP) was tuned for the ISI/speed (these parameters covaried) of our AM stimuli but that auditory timing had no effect on that tuning. We next asked whether the predicted changes in perceived timing were reflected in the timing of neuronal responses to the individual frames of the AM stimuli. Although spiking dynamics were significantly, if weakly, affected by auditory timing in a minority of neurons, the timing of spike responses did not systematically mirror the predicted perception of stimuli. Conversely, the duration of LFP responses in β- and γ-frequency bands was qualitatively consistent with human perceptual reports. We discovered, however, that LFP responses to auditory stimuli presented alone were robust and that responses to audiovisual stimuli were predicted by the linear sum of responses to auditory and visual stimuli presented individually. In conclusion, we find evidence of auditory input into area MT but not of the nonlinear audiovisual interactions we had hypothesized to underlie the illusion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We utilized a set of audiovisual stimuli that elicit an illusion demonstrating “temporal ventriloquism” in visual motion and that have spatiotemporal intervals for which neurons within the middle temporal area are selective. We found evidence of auditory input into the middle temporal area but not of the nonlinear audiovisual interactions underlying this illusion. Our findings suggest that either the illusion was absent in our nonhuman primate subjects or the neuronal correlates of this illusion lie within other areas.

Boundaries of Restricting the Rights of Human and Citizen

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Manol Stanin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Positive Results

AbstractLimitation of rights is a measure proved its effectiveness with positive results for the community in war, military or another emergency.Attitude to rightsmust be human with a view to the right-to-human relationshipbecause the crossing of a certain boundary leads to a disintegration of rights and a negative impact on the personality.This implies necessity from legal institutionalization of clear criteria to refine the limitation of rights, both for the purpose of their protection and for the purpose of protecting the individual.

Tourism as a Tool for the Fulfilment of the Rights to Rest and Leisure Enshrined in Article No. 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Bianca Nicla Romano
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
Title V ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Real Right ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Italian Constitution

Art. 24 of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights recognises and protects the right of the individual to rest and leisure. This right has to be fully exercised without negative consequences on the right to work and the remuneration. Tourism can be considered one of the best ways of rest and leisure because it allows to enrich the personality of the individual. Even after the reform of the Title V this area is no longer covered by the Italian Constitution, the Italian legal system protects and guarantees it as a real right, so as to get to recognize its existence and the consequent compensation of the so-called “ruined holiday damage”. This kind of damage has not a patrimonial nature, but a moral one, and the Tourist-Traveler can claim for it when he has not been able to fully enjoy his holiday - the essential fulcrum of tourism - intended as an opportunity for leisure and/or rest, essential rights of the individual.

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