The Influence of Auditory Stimulation on a Visual Oblique Effect

Perception ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-174
Author(s):  
Syren Johnstone ◽  
Peter Wenderoth
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Simple Cell ◽  
Neural Interaction ◽  
Methodological Difficulties

It has previously been reported by Smets that there is an increase in the magnitude of the monocular oblique effect when a 70 dB(A), 1 kHz acoustic stimulus is presented contralaterally, but not ipsilaterally, to the viewing eye. This finding was interpreted as one which provided difficulties both for data-driven models of information processing and for the cortical simple cell explanation of the oblique effect. There are several logical and methodological difficulties in Smets's paper, and in the two experiments reported here the effect found by Smets was not replicated. The failure to observe the effect was robust under conditions that maximised the possibility of neural interaction. It is concluded that acoustic stimulation does not affect the magnitude of the oblique effect.

Print Ad Recognition Readership Scores: An Information Processing Perspective

1988 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Finn
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Confirmatory Tests ◽  
Information Processing Perspective

An information processing perspective is used to develop hierarchical and divergent models of how individuals process print ads. An aggregation across individuals generated related audience-level models, which were operationalized by using Starch scores and extended to incorporate specific ad characteristics. Confirmatory tests -indicate that these models provide a substantial advance over previous data-driven approaches to analyzing readership scores.

A Psychophysical Investigation of the Behavioural Relevance of Neurophysiological Feature Detectors (S Cells)

Perception ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerda Smets
Keyword(s):  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Pure Tone ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Auditory Stimulation ◽  
Experimental Session ◽  
Simple Cells ◽  
Feature Detectors ◽  
Monocular Stimulation ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Perceptual Variable

The aim of the study was to establish whether monaural auditory stimulation (a nonretinal perceptual variable) affects the class 1 oblique effect (a behavioural manifestation of simple cells). The left or right monaural stimulus was a pure tone, 1000 Hz, 70 dB(A), delivered continuously throughout the experimental session. The left or right monocular stimulus was a thin red phosphorescent bar the orientation of which was manipulated. In order to determine the oblique effect differential orientation thresholds for principal meridians were compared to those for oblique orientations. The results, indicating an interaction effect of the monaural and monocular stimulation on the magnitude of the oblique effect, are a further demonstration that the oblique effect is not as simple as some theories (derived from extrapolation from neurophysiological findings) would imply.

scholarly journals Data-driven modeling of cholinergic modulation of neural microcircuits: bridging neurons, synapses, and network states

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srikanth Ramaswamy ◽  
Henry Markram
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Cholinergic Modulation ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Synaptic Physiology ◽  
Network States

1AbstractNeuromodulators, such as acetylcholine (ACh), control information processing in neural microcircuits by regulating neuronal and synaptic physiology. Computational models and simulations enable predictions on the potential role of ACh in reconfiguring network states. As a prelude into investigating how the cellular and synaptic effects of ACh collectively influence emergent network dynamics, we developed a data-driven framework incorporating phenomenological models of the anatomy and physiology of cholinergic modulation of the neocortex. The first-draft models were integrated into a biologically detailed tissue model of neocortical microcircuitry to predict how ACh affects different types of neurons and synapses, and consequently alters global network states. Preliminary simulations not only corroborate the long-standing notion that ACh desynchronizes network activity, but also reveal a potentially finegrained control over a spectrum of neocortical states. We show that low levels of ACh, such as those during sleep, drive microcircuit activity into slow oscillations and network synchrony, whereas high ACh concentrations, such as those during wakefulness, govern fast oscillations and network asynchrony. In addition, network states modulated by ACh levels shape spike-time cross-correlations across distinct neuronal populations in strikingly different ways. These effects are likely due to the differential regulation of neurons and synapses caused by increasing levels of ACh that enhances cellular excitability by increasing neuronal activity and decreases the efficacy of local synaptic transmission by altering neurotransmitter release probability. We conclude by discussing future directions to refine the biological accuracy of the framework, which will extend its utility and foster the development of hypotheses to investigate the role of neuromodulation in neural information processing.

Intracellular Responses of Onset Chopper Neurons in the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus to Tones: Evidence for Dual-Component Processing

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 2347-2359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio G. Paolini ◽  
Graeme M. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Cochlear Nucleus ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Action Potential Firing ◽  
Ventral Cochlear Nucleus ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Potential Firing ◽  
Chopper Neurons

Intracellular responses of onset chopper neurons in the ventral cochlear nucleus to tones: evidence for dual-component processing. The ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) contains a heterogeneous collection of cell types reflecting the multiple processing tasks undertaken by this nucleus. This in vivo study in the rat used intracellular recordings and dye filling to examine membrane potential changes and firing characteristics of onset chopper (OC) neurons to acoustic stimulation (50 ms pure tones, 5 ms r/f time). Stable impalements were made from 15 OC neurons, 7 identified as multipolar cells. Neurons responded to characteristic frequency (CF) tones with sustained depolarization below spike threshold. With increasing stimulus intensity, the depolarization during the initial 10 ms of the response became peaked, and with further increases in intensity the peak became narrower. Onset spikes were generated during this initial depolarization. Tones presented below CF resulted in a broadening of this initial depolarizing component with high stimulus intensities required to initiate onset spikes. This initial component was followed by a sustained depolarizing component lasting until stimulus cessation. The amplitude of the sustained depolarizing component was greatest when frequencies were presented at high intensities below CF resulting in increased action potential firing during this period when compared with comparable high intensities at CF. During the presentation of tones at or above the high-frequency edge of a cell’s response area, hyperpolarization was evident during the sustained component. The presence of hyperpolarization and the differences seen in the level of sustained depolarization during CF and off CF tones suggests that changes in membrane responsiveness between the initial and sustained components may be attributed to polysynaptic inhibitory mechanisms. The dual-component processing resulting from convergent auditory nerve excitation and polysynaptic inhibition enables OC neurons to respond in a unique fashion to intensity and frequency features contained within an acoustic stimulus.

scholarly journals Interneuronal mechanisms of hippocampal theta oscillations in a full-scale model of the rodent CA1 circuit

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne J Bezaire ◽  
Ivan Raikov ◽  
Kelly Burk ◽  
Dhrumil Vyas ◽  
Ivan Soltesz
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Theta Rhythm ◽  
Gamma Oscillations ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Theta Oscillations ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Hippocampal Theta Rhythm ◽  
Ca1 Area ◽  
Hippocampal Theta

The hippocampal theta rhythm plays important roles in information processing; however, the mechanisms of its generation are not well understood. We developed a data-driven, supercomputer-based, full-scale (1:1) model of the rodent CA1 area and studied its interneurons during theta oscillations. Theta rhythm with phase-locked gamma oscillations and phase-preferential discharges of distinct interneuronal types spontaneously emerged from the isolated CA1 circuit without rhythmic inputs. Perturbation experiments identified parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and neurogliaform cells, as well as interneuronal diversity itself, as important factors in theta generation. These simulations reveal new insights into the spatiotemporal organization of the CA1 circuit during theta oscillations.

scholarly journals Toward Optimizing Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials: Normalization Reduces the Need for Strong Neck Muscle Contraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 282-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberley S. Noij ◽  
Barbara S. Herrmann ◽  
Steven D. Rauch ◽  
John J. Guinan Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Neck Muscle ◽  
Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potential ◽  
Contraction Amplitude ◽  
Myogenic Potential

Background: The cervical vestibular evoked myogenic potential (cVEMP) represents an inhibitory reflex of the saccule measured in the ipsilateral sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM) in response to acoustic or vibrational stimulation. Since the cVEMP is a modulation of SCM electromyographic (EMG) activity, cVEMP amplitude is proportional to muscle EMG amplitude. We sought to evaluate muscle contraction influences on cVEMP peak-to-peak amplitudes (VEMPpp), normalized cVEMP amplitudes (VEMPn), and inhibition depth (VEMPid). Methods: cVEMPs at 500 Hz were measured in 25 healthy subjects for 3 SCM EMG contraction ranges: 45-65, 65-105, and 105-500 μV root mean square (r.m.s.). For each range, we measured cVEMP sound level functions (93-123 dB peSPL) and sound off, meaning that muscle contraction was measured without acoustic stimulation. The effect of muscle contraction amplitude on VEMPpp, VEMPn, and VEMPid and the ability to distinguish cVEMP presence/absence were evaluated. Results: VEMPpp amplitudes were significantly greater at higher muscle contractions. In contrast, VEMPn and VEMPid showed no significant effect of muscle contraction. Cohen's d indicated that for all 3 cVEMP metrics contraction amplitude variations produced little change in the ability to distinguish cVEMP presence/absence. VEMPid more clearly indicated saccular output because when no acoustic stimulus was presented the saccular inhibition estimated by VEMPid was zero, unlike those by VEMPpp and VEMPn. Conclusion: Muscle contraction amplitude strongly affects VEMPpp amplitude, but contractions 45-300 μV r.m.s. produce stable VEMPn and VEMPid values. Clinically, there may be no need for subjects to exert high contraction effort. This is especially beneficial in patients for whom maintaining high SCM contraction amplitudes is challenging.

Spatial Anisotropy in Intramodal and Cross-Modal Judgments of Stimulus Orientation: The Stability of the Oblique Effect

Perception ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 581-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene C Lechelt ◽  
Angeline Verenka
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Standard Stimulus ◽  
Oblique Effect ◽  
Stimulus Orientation ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cross Model ◽  
Spatial Anisotropy ◽  
Standard Orientation ◽  
The Stability

Visual and haptic judgments of stimulus orientation were examined intramodally and cross-modally by having subjects reproduce standard stimulus orientations simultaneously with their inspection or after a delay. For all conditions, an oblique effect was obtained, i.e. vertical and horizontal orientations were reproduced reliably more accurately than oblique orientations. Although intramodal differences were large, with haptic errors being greater than visual errors, cross-model differences were small. Furthermore, while for intramodal conditions simultaneous visual reproductions were reliably more accurate than delayed reproductions but haptic reproductions were more accurate when delayed, cross-modal errors were reliably greater with simultaneous reproductions, regardless of whether the standard orientation was visual or haptic. The modality differences reflect basic differences in stimulus information processing and the stability of the oblique effect across the experimental conditions suggests that perceptual spatial anisotropic effects are strongly influenced by experiential factors.

scholarly journals Corticofugal Feedback for Collicular Plasticity Evoked by Electric Stimulation of the Inferior Colliculus

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (4) ◽  
pp. 2676-2682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongkui Zhang ◽  
Nobuo Suga
Keyword(s):  
Auditory Cortex ◽  
Inferior Colliculus ◽  
Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Frequency Tuning ◽  
Acoustic Stimulus ◽  
Acoustic Stimulation ◽  
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors ◽  
Corticofugal Feedback ◽  
Stimulation Of

Focal electric stimulation of the auditory cortex, 30-min repetitive acoustic stimulation, and auditory fear conditioning each evoke shifts of the frequency-tuning curves [hereafter, best frequency (BF) shifts] of cortical and collicular neurons. The short-term collicular BF shift is produced by the corticofugal system and primarily depends on the relationship in BF between a recorded collicular and a stimulated cortical neuron or between the BF of a recorded collicular neuron and the frequency of an acoustic stimulus. However, it has been unknown whether focal electric stimulation of the inferior colliculus evokes the collicular BF shift and whether the collicular BF shift, if evoked, depends on corticofugal feedback. In our present research with the awake big brown bat, we found that focal electric stimulation of collicular neurons evoked the BF shifts of collicular neurons located near the stimulated ones; that there were two types of BF shifts: centripetal and centrifugal BF shifts, i.e., shifts toward and shifts away from the BF of stimulated neurons, respectively; and that the development of these collicular BF shifts was blocked by inactivation of the auditory cortex. Our data indicate that the collicular BF shifts (plasticity) evoked by collicular electric stimulation depended on corticofugal feedback. It should be noted that collicular BF shifts also depend on acetylcholine because it has been demonstrated that atropine (an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors) applied to the IC blocks the development of collicular BF shifts.

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