Attention and Depth Perception

Perception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nobuo Kawabata
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Necker Cube ◽  
Line Drawing ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Local Features ◽  
Local Feature ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Front Part ◽  
Global Features ◽  
Dimensional Object

The Necker cube is a line drawing with two possible solutions in depth perception. The process of interpreting a two-dimensional line drawing as a three-dimensional object was investigated using the Necker cube. Attention was directed to a local feature of a briefly presented cube, ie an angle at a vertex. The attended angle was perceived as a front part of the cube and other parts were interpreted so as to match this interpretation. Results show that the local feature to which attention was directed was interpreted first and then global features and other local features were interpreted so as to agree with the local feature interpreted initially. This suggests that the three-dimensional interpretation of the line drawing was made sequentially from the local feature to global structures.

scholarly journals Visual Depth Perception of three dimensional images and two dimensional images

1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. 248-249
Author(s):  
Am CHO ◽  
Kageyu NORO ◽  
Shinya KOSHIE ◽  
Atsuko HONDO ◽  
Sakae YAMAMOTO
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Visual Depth ◽  
Three Dimensional Images ◽  
Two Dimensional Images

Early Motion Processes and the Kinetic Depth Effect

1989 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Mather
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Short Range ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Depth Effect ◽  
Temporal Properties ◽  
Early Motion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Inter Frame

It has been known for over 30 years that motion information alone is sufficient to yield a vivid impression of three-dimensional object structure. For example, a computer simulation of a transparent sphere, the surface of which is randomly speckled with dots, gives no impression of depth when presented as a stationary pattern on a visual display. As soon as the sphere is made to rotate in a series of discrete steps or frames, its 3-D structure becomes apparent. Three experiments are described which use this stimulus, and find that depth perception in these conditions depends crucially on the spatial and temporal properties of the display: 1. Depth is seen reliably only for between-frame rotations of less than 15°, using two-frame and four-frame sequences. 2. Parametric observations using a wide range of frame durations and inter-frame intervals reveal that depth is seen only for inter-frame intervals below 80 msec and is optimal when the stimulus can be sampled at intervals of about 40–60 msec. 3. Monoptic presentation of two frames of the stimulus is sufficient to yield depth, but the impression is destroyed by dichoptic presentation. These data are in close agreement with the observed limits of direction perception in experiments using “short-range” stimuli. It is concluded that depth perception in the motion display used in these experiments depends on the outputs of low-level or “short-range” motion detectors.

Statistical Approach to Shape from Shading: Reconstruction of Three-Dimensional Face Surfaces from Single Two-Dimensional Images

1996 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 1321-1340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Atick ◽  
Paul A. Griffin ◽  
A. Norman Redlich
Keyword(s):  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Shape From Shading ◽  
Shape Space ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensional Image ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
Dimensional Object

The human visual system is proficient in perceiving three-dimensional shape from the shading patterns in a two-dimensional image. How it does this is not well understood and continues to be a question of fundamental and practical interest. In this paper we present a new quantitative approach to shape-from-shading that may provide some answers. We suggest that the brain, through evolution or prior experience, has discovered that objects can be classified into lower-dimensional object-classes as to their shape. Extraction of shape from shading is then equivalent to the much simpler problem of parameter estimation in a low-dimensional space. We carry out this proposal for an important class of three-dimensional (3D) objects: human heads. From an ensemble of several hundred laser-scanned 3D heads, we use principal component analysis to derive a low-dimensional parameterization of head shape space. An algorithm for solving shape-from-shading using this representation is presented. It works well even on real images where it is able to recover the 3D surface for a given person, maintaining facial detail and identity, from a single 2D image of his face. This algorithm has applications in face recognition and animation.

Three Dimensional Fourier Analysis of the Ribonucleoprotein Particle (Ribosome) Helix of Entamoeba Invadens

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 266-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Lake ◽  
Henry S. Slayter
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Ribonucleoprotein Particle ◽  
Single View ◽  
Ordered Arrays ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Entamoeba Invadens ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Cysts of Entamoeba Invadens contain large ordered arrays of closely packed helices which absorb strongly in the ultraviolet. The helices consist of small, approximately spherical particles about 250Å in diameter. Several lines of evidence have indicated that they may be ribosomes. We shall refer to these particles as ribosomes in this paper.DeRosier and Klug (1) have demonstrated that it is possible to reconstruct a three dimensional object from two dimensional projected images, i.e. micrographs, provided that sufficient views, of individual molecules are available. A single view (micrograph) of one ribosomal helix provides many views of individual ribosomes.

Relative Height on the Picture-Plane and Depth Perception

1965 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce E. Dunn ◽  
Gary C. Gray ◽  
Douglas Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Depth Perception ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Picture Plane ◽  
Reference Plane ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Relative Height ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Response Set

Geometric considerations of the two-dimensional projection of the three-dimensional visual field led to hypotheses about the possible effect on depth perception of: relative height in the picture plane, the type of supplied reference plane, and angle of regard. In three experiments Ss viewed pairs of equidistant, horizontal rods in front of one of four backgrounds, with either an upward or downward angle of regard. The results confirm the hypothesis that relative height can operate to influence depth perception, that the type of background influences depth perception in the predicted direction, and that a response set resulting in a tendency for Ss to see higher objects as farther irrespective of the reference plane also occurs. The effects of angle of regard and of degree of vertical separation were not completely elucidated.

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