Reaching in Very Young Infants

Perception ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 385-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane DiFranco ◽  
Darwin W Muir ◽  
Peter C Dodwell
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
First Report ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
Young Infants ◽  
Dominant Pattern ◽  
Perceptual Capacity

It has been claimed that reaching to visually presented targets is a valid indicator of perceptual capacity in very young infants. In a previous report we failed to replicate the findings on which that claim is based. Here we reanalyze some of the tapes of the first report, using a less restricted criterion for what constitutes a reach, and a much more detailed analysis of the various components of reaching behaviour. A number of components are readily distinguished and reliably observed. Infants of seven to twenty-one days show great individual variation in their reaching, from no such behaviour to a great deal. Certain clusters of the components of reaching can be used to define different reaching ‘styles’. The infants who reached most frequently in our sample all showed a dominant pattern of reaching, which in certain respects appears to be more mature than that of other babies. The finer analysis revealed no differences in the reaching behaviour to objects and pictures of objects, even among the most active reachers.

A Novel Approach to the Assessment of Variations in the Human Platelet Count

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (03) ◽  
pp. 480-484 ◽  
Author(s):  
John James ◽  
Dianne Brown ◽  
Gordon Whyte ◽  
Mark Dean ◽  
Colin Chesterman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Human Platelet ◽  
First Report ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Platelet Number ◽  
Genetically Determined

SummaryThis is the first report of a method to assess the significance of numerical changes in the platelet count based upon a result exceeding the normal intra-individual variation in platelet numbers. Serial platelet counts from 3,789 subjects were analysed to determine the intra-individual variation in platelet numbers. A platelet count difference of 98 × 109/L in males was found to represent a change that would occur by chance in less than 1 in 1,000 platelet count determinations. Tables to determine the significance of platelet number variations, given N previous observations, are provided at two probability levels. The repeatability of the platelet count was calculated as 0.871 (males) and 0.849 (females) indicating that the heritability of platelet count is high and that the platelet count is predominantly genetically determined. A seasonal variation in platelet count was found with a ‘winter’ versus ‘summer’ difference of 5.10 × 109/L (males) and 5.82 × 109/L (females).

scholarly journals DOLABRANE-TYPE DITERPENOID AND LIGNAN CONSTITUENTS FROM THE STEM BARKS OF CERIOPS DECANDRA (GRIFF.) W. THEOB.

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
Kieu Thi Phuong Linh ◽  
Nguyen Van Chien ◽  
Nguyen Quoc Trung ◽  
Vu Huy Thong ◽  
Nguyen Van Tuyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Chromatographic Separations ◽  
First Report ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Ceriops Decandra

Three dolabrane-type diterpenoids (1‒3) and a lignan derivative (4) were isolated from a methanolic extract of C. decandra stem barks using various chromatographic separations. Their structures were elucidated to be tagalsine X (1), tagalsin P (2), ent-5α,2-oxodolabr-3-ene-3,15,16-triol (3), and (+)-pinoresinol (4) by detailed analysis via spectroscopic techniques (1D, 2D NMR, and ESI-MS data) as well as comparison with those reported. This is the first report of compound 4 from the Ceriops genus.

scholarly journals SECONDARY METABOLITES FROM THE STEM BARKS OF RHIZOPHORA MUCRONATA LAMK

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (6) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuong Thao
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Rhizophora Mucronata ◽  
Chromatographic Separations ◽  
First Report ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Phenolic Derivatives

Using various chromatographic separations, three phenolic derivatives (1‒3) and three phytosteryl glycosides (4‒6) were isolated from a methanolic extract of R. mucronata stem barks. Their structures were elucidated to be cinchonain Ia (1), breynioside B (2), polystachyol (3), β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-(6'-O-palmitoyl) glucopyran-oside (5), and β-sitosterol 3-O-β-D-(6'-O-stearoyl)glucopyranoside (6) by detailed analysis via spectroscopic techniques (1D, 2D NMR, and ESI-MS data) as well as comparison with those reported. This is the first report of compounds 1‒6 from the Rhizophora genus.

scholarly journals Furostanol Saponin and Diphenylpentendiol from the Roots of Asparagus racemosus

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Upendra Sharma ◽  
Neeraj Kumar ◽  
Bikram Singh
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Spectral Data ◽  
Ursolic Acid ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Asparagus Racemosus ◽  
Steroidal Saponin ◽  
Mass Spectral Data ◽  
First Report ◽  
Mass Spectral

A new furostanol steroidal saponin, shatavaroside C (1), and a new diphenylpentendiol, shatavarol (2), together with five known compounds, shatavarin IV (3), racemoside A (4), β-sitosterol (5) stigmasterol (6) and ursolic acid (7), have been isolated from the roots of Asparagus racemosus. This is the first report on the isolation of racemoside A (4) from roots of the plant. Structures of isolated compounds were determined on the basis of detailed analysis of their 1D, 2D NMR and mass spectral data.

scholarly journals PHENOLIC CONSTITUENTS FROM THE STEM BARKS OF RHIZOPHORA APICULATA BLUME

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (5) ◽  
pp. 517
Author(s):  
Nguyen Phuong Thao
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
2D Nmr ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Chromatographic Separations ◽  
First Report ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Phenolic Constituents ◽  
Phenolic Derivatives

Using various chromatographic separations, seven phenolic derivatives (1‒7) were isolated from a methanolic extract of R. apiculata stem barks. Their structures were elucidated to be dunnianoside E (1), (+)-dihydroquercetin (2), 2,6-dimethoxy-[1,4]benzoquinone (3), 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenol (4), 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl alcohol (5), hydroxytyrosol (6), and methyl 3,4-dihydroxycinnamate (7) by detailed analysis via spectroscopic techniques (1D, 2D NMR and ESI-MS data) as well as comparison with those reported. This is the first report of compounds 1 and 4‒7 from Rhizophora genus.

scholarly journals A comparison of 24 h urinary deoxynivalenol with recent v. average cereal consumption for UK adults

2009 ◽  
Vol 102 (9) ◽  
pp. 1276-1279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul C. Turner ◽  
Elizabeth F. Taylor ◽  
Kay L. M. White ◽  
Janet E. Cade ◽  
Christopher P. Wild
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Fungal Metabolite ◽  
Combined Model ◽  
Food Diaries ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Period Model

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a toxic fungal metabolite found on wheat, maize and barley. We previously reported a significant association between the amount of DON in a single 24 h urine sample and the average cereal intake over 7 d for 300 UK adults. In this more detailed analysis of the data, food diary information (n 255) for the day of urine collection (model I), the previous 24 h period (model II) and the day of urine collection plus the previous 24 h combined (model III) were further examined to assess whether the recent intake of cereal correlated more strongly with urinary DON, compared with the longer-term assessment of usual cereal intake from 7 d food diaries (model IV). DON was detected in 254/255 (99·6 %) urine samples (mean 12·0 μg/d; range not detected–66 μg/d). For all the models, total cereal intake was positively associated with urinary DON (P < 0·001) in each model. The goodness of fit (adjusted R2 value) was used to assess how well each model explained the variation in urinary DON. Model I provided a better goodness of fit (adjusted R2 0·22) than model IV (adjusted R2 0·19), whereas model III provided the best fit (adjusted R2 0·27). These data suggest that the inter-individual variation in urinary DON was somewhat better explained by recent cereal intake compared with usual cereal intake assessed over 7 d.

A fossil Aspergillus from Eocene Dominican amber

1988 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 141-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard M. Thomas ◽  
George O. Poinar
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
First Report ◽  
Dominican Amber ◽  
Eocene Amber

A sporulating Aspergillus is described from a piece of Eocene amber originating from the Dominican Republic. The Aspergillus most closely resembles a form of the white spored phase of Aspergillus janus Raper and Thom. This is the first report of a fossil species of Aspergillus.

The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽  
Rajen A. Anderson ◽  
David A. Pizarro
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Political Ideologies ◽  
Economic Beliefs ◽  
Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

Inter-individual variation shapes the human microbiome

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily F. Wissel ◽  
Leigh K. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Microbiota Composition ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Microbiome Research

Abstract The target article suggests inter-individual variability is a weakness of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research, but we discuss why it is actually a strength. We comment on how accounting for individual differences can help researchers systematically understand the observed variance in microbiota composition, interpret null findings, and potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in future clinical microbiome research.

Cell morphology, volume, and surface area determinations from multilevel contouring within HVEM micrographs of serial sections and whole-cell mounts

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 588-589
Author(s):  
M. Marko ◽  
A. Leith ◽  
D. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Electron Micrographs ◽  
Cell Morphology ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Serial Section ◽  
Stereo Pair ◽  
Complex Structures ◽  
Serial Sections ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Computer Based

The use of serial sections and computer-based 3-D reconstruction techniques affords an opportunity not only to visualize the shape and distribution of the structures being studied, but also to determine their volumes and surface areas. Up until now, this has been done using serial ultrathin sections.The serial-section approach differs from the stereo logical methods of Weibel in that it is based on the Information from a set of single, complete cells (or organelles) rather than on a random 2-dimensional sampling of a population of cells. Because of this, it can more easily provide absolute values of volume and surface area, especially for highly-complex structures. It also allows study of individual variation among the cells, and study of structures which occur only infrequently.We have developed a system for 3-D reconstruction of objects from stereo-pair electron micrographs of thick specimens.

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