Op Art and Visual Perception

Perception ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Wade
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Persistence ◽  
Moiré Fringes ◽  
Gestalt Grouping ◽  
Visual Phenomena ◽  
Gestalt Grouping Principles ◽  
Historical Origins

An attempt is made to list the visual phenomena exploited in op art. These include moiré fringes, afterimages, Hermann grid effects, Gestalt grouping principles, blurring and movement due to astigmatic fluctuations in accommodation, scintillation and streaming possibly due to eye movements, and visual persistence. The historical origins of these phenomena are also noted.

Eye Signs, Syndromes, and Reviews and Opinions

2020 ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Louis R. Caplan
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Guillain Barre Syndrome ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
Loss Of Vision ◽  
Visual Phenomena ◽  
Guillain Barré ◽  
Abnormal Visual

Abstract: This chapter discusses Fisher’s contributions in regard to abnormalities of visual perception, eye appearance, and eye movements (“eye signs”) and also new syndromes, especially the Miller Fisher variant of Guillain–Barré syndrome. Much of human brain activity relates to visual perception and exploration of the visual environment—looking and seeing. Many of Fisher’s observations during his lifetime were related to the appearance of eye structures, loss of vision, abnormal visual phenomena, and movements of the eyes, qualifying him as one of the first neuro-ophthalmologists. Fisher also described a number of new syndromes and condition. In addition, he urged neurologists to engage in self-observation.

Aperture Viewing: A Review and a Synthesis

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Morgan ◽  
J. M. Findlay ◽  
R. J. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Persistence ◽  
Movement Perception ◽  
Pursuit Eye Movements

We argue that two processes are involved in the visual perception of shapes moving behind narrow apertures. “Retinal painting” occurs when the eyes are free to pursue the moving shape and when the traverse time across the aperture is sufficiently short to allow visual persistence of the temporally successive views. When pursuit eye movements do not occur, however, the shape may still be perceived if it moves relatively slowly. The latter kind of perception does not involve seeing all the parts of the shape simultaneously (as in the case with retinal painting) but we demonstrate that shapes seen in this way have some of the same properties as conventionally presented shapes. The discussion emphasises the relevance of these findings to general problems in movement perception.

scholarly journals The Place of White in a World of Grays: A Double Anchoring Theory of Lightness Perception

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paola Bressan
Keyword(s):  
Weighted Average ◽  
Visual Scene ◽  
Lightness Perception ◽  
New Model ◽  
Mathematical Simulations ◽  
Gestalt Grouping ◽  
Gestalt Grouping Principles

The specific gray shades in a visual scene can be derived from relative luminance values only when an anchoring rule is followed. The double-anchoring theory I propose in this article, as a development of the anchoring theory of Gilchrist et al. (1999), assumes that any given region (a) belongs to one or more frameworks, created by Gestalt grouping principles, and (b) is independently anchored, within each framework, to both the highest luminance and the surround luminance. The region's final lightness is a weighted average of the values computed, relative to both anchors, in all frameworks. The new model accounts not only for all lightness illusions that are qualitatively explained by the anchoring theory but also for a number of additional effects, and it does so quantitatively, with the support of mathematical simulations.

scholarly journals The Principles of Visual Perception Within The Context of Visual Illusions

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (18) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Semantic Knowledge ◽  
Visual Illusions ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Phenomenological Experience ◽  
Background Segmentation ◽  
Visual Phenomena ◽  
And Function ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
The Brain

In the transformation of the low-level, ambiguous retinal signal into a vivid and meaningful phenomenological experience, certain aspects are as essential as the input coming from the external environment. The semantic knowledge stored in memory, figure-background segmentation, grouping principles, and current mood and expectations of the person are equally important. Visual illusions, which might be described as the discrepancy between the objective properties of the external world and their subjective representations, is a common feature of the visual perception that provides meaningful insights with regards to the structure and function of the complex information processor in the brain. In this context, visual illusions are the end results of the optimization strategies that allow the effective use of limited neuronal and metabolic resources, and thus reflect the natural working principles while coping with these limitations, rather than restrictions inflicted upon the system. In this review, we present a compilation of illusions and summarize the key principles of visual perception on the basis of these visual phenomena. In the final section, we also discuss a number of recent topics within the context of Bayesian inference and psychopathology, illusions and alpha brain oscillations and time perception to describe the current directions in the field. Keywords Visual perception, visual illusions, visual system

scholarly journals An Intuitive Model Framework for Gestalt Grouping Principles

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1313-1313
Author(s):  
N. R. Twarog ◽  
R. Rosenholtz
Keyword(s):  
Model Framework ◽  
Gestalt Grouping ◽  
Gestalt Grouping Principles ◽  
Intuitive Model

Influence of Movement Expertise on Visual Perception of Objects, Events and Motor Action

2012 ◽  
pp. 1-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Essig ◽  
Oleg Strogan ◽  
Helge Ritter ◽  
Thomas Schack
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Saliency Map ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Perceptual Skills ◽  
Control Learning

Various computational models of visual attention rely on the extraction of salient points or proto-objects, i.e., discrete units of attention, computed from bottom-up image features. In recent years, different solutions integrating top-down mechanisms were implemented, as research has shown that although eye movements initially are solely influenced by bottom-up information, after some time goal driven (high-level) processes dominate the guidance of visual attention towards regions of interest (Hwang, Higgins & Pomplun, 2009). However, even these improved modeling approaches are unlikely to generalize to a broader range of application contexts, because basic principles of visual attention, such as cognitive control, learning and expertise, have thus far not sufficiently been taken into account (Tatler, Hayhoe, Land & Ballard, 2011). In some recent work, the authors showed the functional role and representational nature of long-term memory structures for human perceptual skills and motor control. Based on these findings, the chapter extends a widely applied saliency-based model of visual attention (Walther & Koch, 2006) in two ways: first, it computes the saliency map using the cognitive visual attention approach (CVA) that shows a correspondence between regions of high saliency values and regions of visual interest indicated by participants’ eye movements (Oyekoya & Stentiford, 2004). Second, it adds an expertise-based component (Schack, 2012) to represent the influence of the quality of mental representation structures in long-term memory (LTM) and the roles of learning on the visual perception of objects, events, and motor actions.

scholarly journals Eye Gazes Based on Associative Relevance Assist in Decision Making Processes during Scene Perception

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Gufran Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Cognitive Dynamics ◽  
Movement Data ◽  
Business Applications ◽  
Decision Making Processes

<p>Research studies on eye movements in area of information processing task, such as scene perception have recently advanced towards understandings of underlying visual perception mechanism and human cognitive dynamics. Besides, business applications of eye tracking are endlessly revealing groundbreaking trends based on practical scenarios. In this study, we conducted a number of eye tracking experiments to establish our hypothesis that the eye gazes based on the associative relevance found within the contexts of scenes during scene perception significantly supported the processes of decision making. The collected eye movement data from participants who viewed artistic scenes discovered that the tracks of eye gazes traversed along the existing associative relevance among the elements of scenes for decision making processes. These experimental evidences confirmed our hypothesis that the eye gazes based on associative relevance assisted in decision making processes during scene perception.</p>

Providing a human user artificial ability to control their eyes independently with various eye movement patterns

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 171-172
Author(s):  
Fumio Mizuno ◽  
Tomoaki Hayasaka ◽  
Takami Yamaguchi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Binocular Rivalry ◽  
Human Visual System ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Flexible Adaptation ◽  
Left And Right

Humans have the capability to flexibly adapt to visual stimulation, such as spatial inversion in which a person wears glasses that display images upside down for long periods of time (Ewert, 1930; Snyder and Pronko, 1952; Stratton, 1887). To investigate feasibility of extension of vision and the flexible adaptation of the human visual system with binocular rivalry, we developed a system that provides a human user with the artificial oculomotor ability to control their eyes independently for arbitrary directions, and we named the system Virtual Chameleon having to do with Chameleons (Mizuno et al., 2010, 2011). The successful users of the system were able to actively control visual axes by manipulating 3D sensors held by their both hands, to watch independent fields of view presented to the left and right eyes, and to look around as chameleons do. Although it was thought that those independent fields of view provided to the user were formed by eye movements control corresponding to pursuit movements on human, the system did not have control systems to perform saccadic movements and compensatory movements as numerous animals including human do. Fluctuations in dominance and suppression with binocular rivalry are irregular, but it is possible to bias these fluctuations by boosting the strength of one rival image over the other (Blake and Logothetis, 2002). It was assumed that visual stimuli induced by various eye movements affect predominance. Therefore, in this research, we focused on influenced of patterns of eye movements on visual perception with binocular rivalry, and implemented functions to produce saccadic movements in Virtual Chameleon.

Noise Effects in Perceptual Models

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 44-44
Author(s):  
T D Wickens ◽  
L A Olzak
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Spatial Frequency ◽  
Signal Detection ◽  
Intrinsic Variability ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Noise Effects ◽  
Combination Process ◽  
Delta Sigma ◽  
Visual Phenomena

In studies of visual perception performance is often measured by statistics that are ratios of a perceptual magnitude to its intrinsic variability, most commonly the signal-detection measure d'=delta sigma. Many models for visual phenomena treat the variability sigma as a constant and describe performance exclusively by delta. However, in models for the combination of stimulus attributes, the combination process affects both terms, and an observed d' reflects both delta and sigma. For example, we have shown that masking and configural effects with sinusoidal plaids can be at least partially interpreted as noise effects. We have developed methods to analyse these effects. Through a series of concurrent-response experiments using grating stimuli, some reported at earlier ECVP meetings, we have measured the form and magnitude of the noise sources. Our analysis allows us to model the way that primitive Fourier components (spatial frequency by orientation) are integrated to form second-order or third-order combinations (eg spatial frequency pooled over orientation).

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