Stereoscopic Discrimination in Infants

Perception ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janette Atkinson ◽  
Oliver Braddick
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Fixation Preference

The ability to make discriminations of binocular disparity was investigated in 2-month-old infants by two methods: (a) fixation preference between patterns differing in the disparity they contained, and (b) recovery from habituation of high-amplitude sucking when there was a change in disparity in the visual reinforcer. The stimuli were random-dot stereograms. The results for both methods indicated that at least some infants of this age could perform stereoscopic discriminations and that both techniques were feasible for development for longitudinal studies of stereoscopic vision.

scholarly journals Stimulus Dependence of Disparity Coding in Primate Visual Area V4

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 620-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Hegdé ◽  
David C. Van Essen
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Visual Area ◽  
Tuning Curves ◽  
Depth Cues ◽  
Area V4 ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Dimensional Shape ◽  
Visual Area V4 ◽  
Three Dimensional Shape

Disparity tuning in visual cortex has been shown using a variety of stimulus types that contain stereoscopic depth cues. It is not known whether different stimuli yield similar disparity tuning curves. We studied whether cells in visual area V4 of the macaque show similar disparity tuning profiles when the same set of disparity values were tested using bars or dynamic random dot stereograms, which are among the most commonly used stimuli for this purpose. In a majority of V4 cells (61%), the shape of the disparity tuning profile differed significantly for the two stimulus types. The two sets of stimuli yielded statistically indistinguishable disparity tuning profiles for only a small minority (6%) of V4 cells. These results indicate that disparity tuning in V4 is stimulus-dependent. Given the fact that bar stimuli contain two-dimensional (2-D) shape cues, and the random dot stereograms do not, our results also indicate that V4 cells represent 2-D shape and binocular disparity in an interdependent fashion, revealing an unexpected complexity in the analysis of depth and three-dimensional shape.

scholarly journals Binocular disparity-based learning is retinotopically specific and independent of sleep

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1799) ◽  
pp. 20190463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens G. Klinzing ◽  
Lena Herbrik ◽  
Hendrikje Nienborg ◽  
Karsten Rauss
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Memory Encoding ◽  
Retention Period ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Neuronal Ensemble ◽  
Ensemble Activity

Sleep supports the consolidation of recently encoded declarative and procedural memories. An important component of this effect is the repeated reactivation of neuronal ensemble activity elicited during memory encoding. For perceptual learning, however, sleep benefits have only been reported for specific tasks and it is not clear whether sleep targets low-level perceptual, higher-order temporal or attentional aspects of performance. Here, we employed a coarse binocular disparity discrimination task, known to rely on low-level stereoscopic vision. We show that human subjects improve over training and retain the same performance level across a 12-h retention period. Improvements do not generalize to other parts of the visual field and are unaffected by whether the retention period contains sleep or not. These results are compatible with the notion that behavioural improvements in binocular disparity discrimination do not additionally benefit from sleep when compared with the same time spent awake. We hypothesize that this might generalize to other strictly low-level perceptual tasks. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue ‘Memory reactivation: replaying events past, present and future'.

scholarly journals Neural architectures for stereo vision

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1697) ◽  
pp. 20150261 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Parker ◽  
Jackson E. T. Smith ◽  
Kristine Krug
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Cortical Area ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Ocular Dominance ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Functional Modules ◽  
Repeat Distance ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Cortical Architecture

Stereoscopic vision delivers a sense of depth based on binocular information but additionally acts as a mechanism for achieving correspondence between patterns arriving at the left and right eyes. We analyse quantitatively the cortical architecture for stereoscopic vision in two areas of macaque visual cortex. For primary visual cortex V1, the result is consistent with a module that is isotropic in cortical space with a diameter of at least 3 mm in surface extent. This implies that the module for stereo is larger than the repeat distance between ocular dominance columns in V1. By contrast, in the extrastriate cortical area V5/MT, which has a specialized architecture for stereo depth, the module for representation of stereo is about 1 mm in surface extent, so the representation of stereo in V5/MT is more compressed than V1 in terms of neural wiring of the neocortex. The surface extent estimated for stereo in V5/MT is consistent with measurements of its specialized domains for binocular disparity. Within V1, we suggest that long-range horizontal, anatomical connections form functional modules that serve both binocular and monocular pattern recognition: this common function may explain the distortion and disruption of monocular pattern vision observed in amblyopia. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Vision in our three-dimensional world’.

Binocular Utilization of Monocular Cues That are Undetectable Monocularly

Perception ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bela Julesz ◽  
Hans-Peter Oswald
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Density Difference ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Perception Time ◽  
Dot Density ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram

The latency time of tracking dynamic random-dot stereograms can be shortened by as much as 100 ms when monocular cues are added by introducing a difference in dot density between target and surround. It has been tacitly assumed that perception time will be reduced only if the added monocular cues are above the detection threshold for each eye. However, the experiments reported here clearly show that stereoscopic performance as measured by an eye tracking task can be greatly enhanced by added monocular cues that cannot be detected. Observers were instructed to track a suddenly displaced vertical bar (portrayed as a dynamic random-dot stereogram) while their eye movements were recorded by EOG. The bar had either a given binocular disparity or zero binocular disparity with respect to its surround. For the target with a disparity (in a wide range), the latency time of tracking decreased by more than 30 ms (10%) as density difference increased from 0 to 4%, whereas in the control conditions with no stereoscopic cues (zero disparity) subjects were unable to track the bar at all within that range of density difference. Thus stereopsis is greatly aided by minimal monocular cues that by themselves elude monocular detection.

Stereoscopic Illusion Based on the Proximity Principle

Perception ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas V Papathomas ◽  
Bela Julesz
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Interesting Property ◽  
Temporal Sequence ◽  
Horizontal Direction ◽  
Periodic Stimulus ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Depth Percept ◽  
Proximity Principle ◽  
Random Dot Pattern ◽  
Sawtooth Waveform

A class of ambiguous random-dot stereograms were created that share the following interesting property: Although the binocular disparity forms a periodic ‘sawtooth’ waveform as a function of row number (the disparity is constant for a given row), these stimuli yield a monotonically increasing depth percept along the rows. The random-dot pattern of each row is periodic along the horizontal direction for the purpose of producing an ambiguous depth percept. It is this ambiguity that makes it possible for the periodic stimulus to give rise to a monotonic percept. This monotonic percept is substantially enhanced when the rows are shown in temporal sequence instead of all being displayed together. Experiments are reported which indicate that this illusion is due to the proximity, or pulling, effect in stereopsis.

scholarly journals Human primary visual cortex shows larger population receptive fields for binocular disparity-defined stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Alvarez ◽  
Samuel A. Hurley ◽  
Andrew J. Parker ◽  
Holly Bridge
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Receptive Field Properties ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
Specific Stimulation

AbstractThe visual perception of 3D depth is underpinned by the brain’s ability to combine signals from the left and right eyes to produce a neural representation of binocular disparity for perception and behaviour. Electrophysiological studies of binocular disparity over the past 2 decades have investigated the computational role of neurons in area V1 for binocular combination, while more recent neuroimaging investigations have focused on identifying specific roles for different extrastriate visual areas in depth perception. Here we investigate the population receptive field properties of neural responses to binocular information in striate and extrastriate cortical visual areas using ultra-high field fMRI. We measured BOLD fMRI responses while participants viewed retinotopic mapping stimuli defined by different visual properties: contrast, luminance, motion, correlated and anti-correlated stereoscopic disparity. By fitting each condition with a population receptive field model, we compared quantitatively the size of the population receptive field for disparity-specific stimulation. We found larger population receptive fields for disparity compared with contrast and luminance in area V1, the first stage of binocular combination, which likely reflects the binocular integration zone, an interpretation supported by modelling of the binocular energy model. A similar pattern was found in region LOC, where it may reflect the role of disparity as a cue for 3D shape. These findings provide insight into the binocular receptive field properties underlying processing for human stereoscopic vision.

scholarly journals First- and second-order contributions to depth perception in anti-correlated random dot stereograms

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordi M. Asher ◽  
Paul B. Hibbard
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Gap Size ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Coarse Spatial Resolution ◽  
Correct Direction ◽  
Random Dot Stereogram ◽  
Circular Target ◽  
Detection Mechanisms

ABSTRACTThe binocular energy model of neural responses predicts that depth from binocular disparity might be perceived in the reversed direction when the contrast of dots presented to one eye is reversed. While reversed depth has been found using anti-correlated random-dot stereogram (ACRDS) the findings are inconsistent across studies. The mixed findings may be accounted for by the presence of a gap between the target and surround, or as a result of overlap of dots around the vertical edges of the stimuli. To test this, we assessed whether (1) the gap size (0, 19.2 or 38.4 arc min) (2) the correlation of dots or (3) the border orientation (circular target, or horizontal or vertical edge) affected the perception of depth. Reversed depth from ACRDS (circular no-gap condition) was seen by a minority of participants, but this effect reduced as the gap size increased. Depth was mostly perceived in the correct direction for ACRDS edge stimuli, with the effect increasing with the gap size. The inconsistency across conditions can be accounted for by the relative reliability of first- and second-order depth detection mechanisms, and the coarse spatial resolution of the latter.

scholarly journals Human Primary Visual Cortex Shows Larger Population Receptive Fields for Binocular Disparity-Defined Stimuli

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Alvarez ◽  
Samuel Hurley ◽  
Andrew John Parker ◽  
Holly Bridge
Keyword(s):  
Receptive Field ◽  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Neural Representation ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Receptive Field Properties ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies

Abstract The visual perception of 3D depth is underpinned by the brain's ability to combine signals from the left and right eyes to produce a neural representation of binocular disparity for perception and behavior. Electrophysiological studies of binocular disparity over the past two decades have investigated the computational role of neurons in area V1 for binocular combination, while more recent neuroimaging investigations have focused on identifying specific roles for different extrastriate visual areas in depth perception. Here we investigate the neural population receptive field properties of responses to binocular information in striate and extrastriate cortical visual areas using ultra-high field fMRI. We measured BOLD fMRI responses while participants viewed retinotopic-mapping stimuli defined by different visual properties: contrast, luminance, motion, correlated and anti-correlated stereoscopic disparity. By fitting each condition with a population receptive field model, we were able to compare quantitatively the size of the population receptive field for disparity-defined vs not disparity-defined stimulation conditions. We found larger population receptive fields for disparity compared to the contrast and luminance stimuli in area V1, the first stage of binocular combination, which likely reflects the binocular integration zone, an interpretation supported by modelling of the binocular energy model. A similar pattern was found in region LOC, where it may reflect the role of disparity as a cue for 3D shape. These findings provide insight into the binocular receptive field properties underlying processing for human stereoscopic vision.

Stereoscopic Vision Deficiency in Auditory-Deprived Children

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 158-158
Author(s):  
M G Golubkov ◽  
N A Krasnoperova
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Vision ◽  
Stereoscopic Vision ◽  
Brightness Contrast ◽  
Contrast Threshold ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
Spatial Mechanisms ◽  
Random Dot Stereograms ◽  
Auditory Systems ◽  
Deaf Persons

There is a widespread opinion that in deaf persons, on average, the visual system should be more highly developed than in people with normal hearing. However, one could also argue that normally the auditory system promotes the development and refinement of visual spatial mechanisms since localisation of many objects in the environment can be accomplished by visual and auditory systems simultaneously and, hence, can be done faster and more reliably. Because such supporting interactions in auditory-deprived children are absent or are weaker, one could expect slower or imperfect development of their spatial vision. We tried to test this hypothesis with the aid of a special test software (CLASS) allowing generation of random-dot stereograms (RDSs) in anaglyphic form (red - blue images). The varying parameters of RDSs were dot sizes (1 – 8 pixels) and brightness contrast of the blue image. The judgement about a subject's stereo vision was based on the presence of a stereo effect per se and on the brightness contrast threshold for the recognition of 3-D objects. The group of auditory-deprived children consisted of 70 subjects aged 3 – 9 years, the whole control group included 131 schoolchildren aged 7 – 9 years, but 87 subjects were only tested for the presence of a stereo-effect. The monocular visual acuity of all children was normal or corrected-to-normal. The results of testing by CLASS revealed significant visual deficiencies in auditory-deprived children: 10 (14%) were found to be stereo-blind, and 5 (7%) had markedly increased thresholds. In the control group, the percentage of stereo anomalies corresponded to the typical value of 2% – 4%: stereo-blindness was found in only 2 of all 131 children (the cases of strabismus and ptosis) and elevated thresholds were found in 2 children (out of 44).

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