The Complication Experiment Uncomplicated

Perception ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T Cairney
Keyword(s):  
Constant Error ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
Prior Entry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Auditory Signals ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Absolute Judgement

Early work on the complication experiment, which involved the subject judging the position of a moving pointer at the onset of an auditory signal, is reviewed. The traditional explanation in terms of the earlier processing of input in one modality (the prior entry hypothesis) is critically discussed and rejected. Two experiments are reported in which constant error is shown to vary as a function of the position at which the auditory signal was delivered and the direction of rotation of the pointer. A third experiment found that auditory signals of different intensities gave rise to errors of similar magnitude. Unlike other recent complication experiments, all three gave rise to predominantly anticlockwise constant error. This disagreement was resolved by a fourth experiment in which predominantly clockwise error was obtained by presenting the auditory signal on only one revolution per trial. An explanation, developed from models of absolute judgement tasks, is put forward to account for the present and earlier results in terms of subjects’ judgement strategy.

Auditory and Biomechanical Performance Requirements for Motorcycle Helmets

1977 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-230
Author(s):  
Jerry L. Purswell ◽  
Alan L. Dorris
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Study ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Biomechanical Analysis ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Auditory Information ◽  
Motorcycle Helmet ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Auditory Signals ◽  
Full Face ◽  
Motorcycle Helmets

The purpose of this paper is to examine some of the problems presented by the wearing of a helmet in the sensing of information necessary for safe operation of a motorcycle. The paper is organized into three major areas. One area is concerned with a laboratory study of simulated motorcycle operation and the sensing of sirens and horns of motor vehicles at various distances for subjects wearing helmets and subjects who served as control that wore no helmets. The second study reported is a parallel to the laboratory study but it was conducted in an outdoor setting. The third area considered is a biomechanical analysis of the head and neck of a motorcyclist who sustains a blow to the head in an accident. The independent variables investigated in the two studies of auditory sensing were the type of helmet worn, the type of auditory information being presented to the subject, and the direction from which the auditory signal was presented to the subject. A motorcycle helmet with a full face shield and one without a full face shield were compared with a control level of a subject wearing no helmet. A warning siren and a motor vehicle horn were the two types of auditory signals presented to the subjects. The four directions of presentation of the auditory signal were front, rear, left and right. Both of these tests of the ability of the motorcyclist to detect the two auditory signals indicated that the helmet did significantly attenuate the signal and that the emergency vehicle siren or horn would have to be dangerously close to the cyclist before it could be heard as compared to the cyclist under the same conditions who was not wearing a helmet. The alleged problem of motorcycle helmets producing injuries to the cervical spine in certain types of impact situations was analyzed from a biomechanical standpoint. Some helmet designs were found to be capable of producing an injury to the neck for certain crash configurations between the helmet and a solid object. Suggestions are presented for modification of helmet design to significantly reduce the injury potential of the helmet for this type of injury, while at the same time protect the head from other types of injury.

Variability of Positioning Accuracy following a Maximum Isometric Contraction

1987 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Etnyre ◽  
Eva J. Lee ◽  
Hally B. W. Poindexter
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
Constant Error ◽  
Elbow Extension ◽  
Positioning Accuracy ◽  
Extensor Muscles ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Contraction Times ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental Trials ◽  
Elbow Extensor

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of different contraction times and delay times prior to a positioning task. While blindfolded, each of 25 subjects learned to produce elbow-extension movements to a short and a long target using a kinesthesiometer. The subject then produced 30 trials without feedback to each target. These control trials were preceded by a foreperiod of 0-, 3-, or 6-sec. delay. The 60 experimental trials were identical to control trials except the subject isometrically contracted elbow extensor muscles for 3 or 6 sec. prior to each trial. Following each isometric contraction the subject delayed movement for 0, 3, or 6 sec. The 3-sec. and 6-sec. prepositioning contractions produced greater undershooting and variability than no prepositioning contractions, and the 0-sec. delay produced less constant error than either the 3- or 6-sec. delay. It was concluded that following isometric contraction, undershooting a target occurred and this effect did not dissipate within a 6-sec. period.

Auditory Perception

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-247
Author(s):  
Ellen C. Haas
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Auditory Perception ◽  
Free Field ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Hearing Protection ◽  
Speech Communication ◽  
Complex Signals ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Auditory Signals

Auditory perception involves the human listener's awareness or apprehension of auditory stimuli in the environment. Auditory stimuli, which include speech communications as well as non-speech signals, occur in the presence and absence of environmental noise. Non-speech auditory signals range from simple pure tones to complex signals found in three-dimensional auditory displays. Special hearing protection device (HPD) designs, as well as additions to conventional protectors, have been developed to improve speech communication and auditory perception capabilities of those exposed to noise. The thoughtful design of auditory stimuli and the proper design, selection, and use of HPDs within the environment can improve human performance and reduce accidents. The purpose of this symposium will be to discuss issues in auditory perception and to describe methods to improve the perception of auditory stimuli in environments with and without noise. The issues of interest include the perception of non-speech auditory signals and the improvement of auditory perception capabilities of persons exposed to noise. The first three papers of this symposium describe the perception of non-speech auditory signals. Ellen Haas defines the extent to which certain signal elements affect the perceived urgency of auditory warning signals. Michael D. Good and Dr. Robert H. Gilkey investigate free-field masking as a function of the spatial separation between signal and masker sounds within the horizontal and median planes. Jeffrey M. Gerth explores the discrimination of complex auditory signal components that differ by sound category, temporal pattern, density, and component manipulation. The fourth paper of this symposium focuses upon the improvement of auditory perception capabilities of persons exposed to hazardous noise, and who must wear hearing protection. Special HPD designs, as well as additions to conventional protectors, have been developed to improve speech communication and auditory perception capabilities of persons exposed to noise. Dr. John G. Casali reviews several new HPD technologies and describes construction features, empirical performance data, and applications of each device. These papers illustrate current research issues in the perception of auditory signals. The issues are all relevant to the human factors engineering of auditory signals and personal protective gear. The perception of auditory stimuli can be improved by the thoughtful human factors design of auditory stimuli and by the proper use of HPDs.

Training cattle to approach a feed source in response to auditory signals

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 567-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Wredle ◽  
J. Rushen ◽  
A. M. de Passillé ◽  
L. Munksgaard
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Classical Conditioning ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Feed Source ◽  
Auditory Signals ◽  
Automatic Milking Systems ◽  
New Location

To help improve cow traffic in automated milking systems, we examined whether heifers could be trained to approach a feeder in response to a tone emanating from their collars. Eighteen dairy heifers were used in four experiments. Ten heifers were trained by operant conditioning. Eight of these heifers approached the feeder more frequently and with a shorter mean latency following the tone than in the control periods (P < 0.05). Four of the heifers were tested in a new location but none of the heifers approached the feeder following the tone. A further eight heifers were trained by classical conditioning. When tethered close to the feeder during training, no animals learned to approach the feeder in response to the tone. When four heifers were trained while loose in the pen and had a second tone that predicted an aversive treatment, the animals approached the feeder more often after the positive tone (P < 0.05). Operant conditioning can be used to train heifers to approach a feeder in response to an auditory signal. Classical conditioning procedures are less effective and the optimal training procedures need to be defined before implementation in automated milking systems. Key words: Dairy cattle, learning, conditioning, auditory signals, automatic milking systems

Efficiency Improvement of Information Acquisition in PC Operation with Auditory Signal

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 124-130
Author(s):  
Hirohiko Honda ◽  
◽  
Kazuko Tobita ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Computer ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Efficiency Improvement ◽  
User Characteristics ◽  
Environmental Sounds ◽  
Hard Time ◽  
Current State ◽  
Auditory Signals

When using a personal computer (PC), the visually impaired and patients who have difficulty in maintaining a posture have a hard time in utilizing applications that rely on the state of the screen or GUI. In this study we designed a system that uses auditory signals effectively so that the changes in sound, rhythm, and tone enable the users to understand the current state and recognize transition of states. We focus on a mailing tool this time and make auditory signals selectable according to user characteristics by modifying artificial auditory signals that are similar to environmental sounds and combining them with voice synthesis. We discuss the meaning of the assistive tool that depends less on the screen.

scholarly journals Identification of Visual Stimuli is Improved by Accompanying Auditory Stimuli: The Role of Eye Movements and Sound Location

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3126 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 795-810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie C Doyle ◽  
Robert J Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Target Identification ◽  
Spatial Location ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Attentional Disengagement ◽  
Auditory Signals

Can auditory signals influence the processing of visual information? The present study examined the effects of simple auditory signals (clicks and noise bursts) whose onset was simultaneous with that of the visual target, but which provided no information about the target. It was found that such a signal enhances performance in the visual task: the accessory sound reduced response times for target identification with no cost to accuracy. The spatial location of the sound (whether central to the display or at the target location) did not modify this facilitation. Furthermore, the same pattern of facilitation was evident whether the observer fixated centrally or moved their eyes to the target. The results were not altered by changes in the contrast (and therefore visibility) of the visual stimulus or by the perceived utility of the spatial location of the sound. We speculate that the auditory signal may promote attentional ‘disengagement’ and that, as a result, observers are able to process the visual target sooner when sound accompanies the display relative to when visual information is presented alone.

The Stroop Effect: Failure to Focus Attention or Failure to Maintain Focusing?

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nigel Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Effect ◽  
Interstimulus Interval ◽  
Stroop Interference ◽  
Relevant Feature ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Stimulus Position ◽  
Relevant Attribute ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Fourth Experiment ◽  
Similar Decrease

Subjects matched the position (high or low) of a first stimulus with either the position or the meaning of a word ( HI or LO) presented after an interstimulus interval (ISI). The form of the first stimulus ( X or O) varied randomly within trial blocks and specified the relevant feature (meaning or position) of the second stimulus to the subject. When the relevant feature was meaning, Stroop interference from the second stimulus position was observed. This interference decreased as ISI increased. At the longest ISI, it was eliminated completely. A number of explanations for these effects are discussed and then tested in two further matching experiments. In a fourth experiment a similar decrease in interference was observed. These reductions in interference with increase in ISI appear to represent the development of attentional focusing on the relevant feature of the second stimulus. Stroop interference may occur in experiments where the relevant attribute is constant because of a difficulty associated with repeated focusing on the same attribute.

Effects of degree of consonance and temporal pattern of the auditory signals on the auditory impression of warning

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. 4388-4393
Author(s):  
Rikako Abe ◽  
Sho Otsuka ◽  
Seiji Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Ratio ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Paired Comparison ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Temporal Parameters ◽  
Auditory Signals

Disaster alerts are usually accompanied by auditory signals at the beginning. It is to be desired that the auditory signal itself produces the sense of warning. Effects of (1) degree of consonance and (2) temporal pattern of the auditory signal on the auditory impression of warning were investigated using paired-comparison tests. In the both tests, sequences of 3 triads were used as stimuli. First, 7 types of stimuli were generated by varying the degree of consonance of the triad (frequency ratio of sinusoids was varied systematically from 2:3:4, 4:5:6, 6:7:8, 8:9:10, 10:11:12, 12:13:14 through to 14:15:16). Each subject showed changes of the auditory impression of warning depending on the degree of consonance, however, variation among subjects were observed. Second, 21 types of stimuli were generated in total by changing several temporal parameters (duration of the triad, interval between the triads, duty rate of the sequence). The results indicated that the auditory impression of warning increased as the duration of the triad increased the interval between the triads decreased.

An approach to the study of upper airway function in humans

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 1383-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Younes ◽  
R. Sanii ◽  
W. Patrick ◽  
S. Marantz ◽  
K. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Applied Pressure ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Similar Magnitude ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Dynamic Conditions ◽  
Airway Function ◽  
Pressure Pulses ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Static Conditions

Current methods for testing upper airway (UA) collapsibility in humans tend to produce intervention-related changes in some of the variables that affect UA stability. Therefore, their results may not reflect UA stability under the experimental conditions of interest. In the proposed method, the subject lies in a body enclosure with head and neck out. Pressure is altered in brief (approximately 0.2-s) pulses to avoid behavioral responses. The collapsibility of UA under “static” conditions is tested by delivering identical pressure pulses simultaneously to the airway and body surface inside the shell. Because the pressure applied to the respiratory system is not altered, cessation of flow indicates closure, and the pressure at which this happens is Pclosure. Collapsibility under dynamic conditions is tested by applying brief negative pulses to the shell only, thereby forcing an increase in inspiratory flow. Ten normal awake subjects were tested. None of the subjects developed closure when negative pulses (0 to -16 cmH2O) were applied to both airway and shell during inspiration or expiration with either nose or mouth breathing. There were only small reductions in flow, indicating minor narrowing. By contrast, pressure pulses of similar magnitude applied to the shell alone were associated with closure in 5 of 10 subjects. We conclude that the UA of normal awake humans is fairly stable under the influence of statistically applied pressure but susceptible to collapse under conditions of increased flow. Pclosure determined under static conditions underestimates the vulnerability of the UA to collapse under dynamic conditions.

Effects of Physical or Perceptual Work Loads on a Coincidence/Anticipation Task

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 843-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Fleury ◽  
Chantal Bard ◽  
Lise Carrière
Keyword(s):  
Constant Error ◽  
Apparent Movement ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Physical Work ◽  
Target Time ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Definite Improvement ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Subject Performance

This study was designed to analyze the effects of physical or perceptual work loads on a coincidence/anticipation task. Three experimental treatments were applied: (1) a physical work load, (2) a perceptual work load, and (3) a combination of the physical and the perceptual work loads. The dependent variable was performance on a coincidence/anticipation task, a throw at a moving target. Time errors and accuracy scores were recorded. The type of work load does not affect any of the dependent variables. However, all types of work load generated definite improvement pre- and posttest for the temporal constant error; better performance, as measured by constant error, was recorded for all subjects when the speed of the apparent movement being intercepted was 4.7 km/hr. Temporal variability was reduced in the subject performance at 8.1 km/hr.

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