Monocular Movement Parallax and Near-Space Perception

Perception ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Stimulus Change ◽  
Space Perception ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Near Space ◽  
Movement Parallax ◽  
Perceptual Systems ◽  
Pattern Transformation

Monocular perception of absolute distances in near space (<2 m) is discussed and studied experimentally. Stimulus change in time and sensory co-action (visual plus kinestethic) are in the theoretical analysis regarded as essential. Therefore movement parallax due to voluntary head movements has been introduced, in the experiments, as a hypothetical main cue, and perspective pattern transformation as a probably important side cue together with accommodation. (In ‘natural’ monocular perception these cues, in combination, are always available in near-space perception.) Under these experimental conditions all subjects exhibited approximately adequate (veridical) distance perception. This positive result, which diverges from the commonly accepted views about absolute-distance information, is tentatively regarded as an effect of the combination of cues and of methodological improvements introduced in the experiments. The result is taken as an indication of the fruitfulness of Gibson's conception of perceptual systems.

Adequacy and utility of the dual-process approach to perception: Time (and research) will tell

2002 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-144
Author(s):  
Joel Norman
Keyword(s):  
Biological Motion ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Space Perception ◽  
Process Approach ◽  
Dual Process ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
Perception Time ◽  
Original Theme ◽  
Perceptual Systems

My response and reactions to the quite diverse commentaries are presented. Among the topics covered are a response to holders of the ecological viewpoint; memory and learning in the two perceptual systems; development of the two systems; biological motion; size and distance perception; illusion and the two systems; and several others. It is suggested that the dual-process approach is a viable working theory of space perception and, perhaps, of other types of perception as well. Hopefully, future research will enhance it with added refinements and variations on the original theme.

scholarly journals Influence of the Instructions on the Performance and Establishment of Memorization Strategies in Space Judgments

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 312-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandra Ackel Rodrigues ◽  
Susi Lippi Marques
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Power Function ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Spatial Information ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
Space Perception ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Experimental Configuration

Studies of visual space perception have been assuming that people have an internal representation of the physical space that surrounds them. A variety of psychophysical procedures has been used in an attempt to measure the properties of visual space. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the accuracy of the mental representation and the strategies adopted to acquire and retain visuo-spatial information of a configuration as a function of two types of instructions. Thirty-eight undergraduate and graduate students participated in the study and were distributed in perceptive and mnemonic experimental conditions. The effect of the instructions (intentional and incidental) on the representation of the distances among the objects of the scene was estimated using exponents of power function, based on the reproduction of the distances among the stimuli of the scene. The results revealed that judgments made under intentional instructions were more frequently based on strategies related to the location of the stimuli, whereas judgments originating from incidental instructions were based on strategies related to the name of the stimuli. It was observed that the intentional instruction facilitated a more accurate mental representation of the observed experimental configuration, enhancing participants' performance.

Space perception and body morphology: extent of near space scales with arm length

2007 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Longo ◽  
Stella F. Lourenco
Keyword(s):  
Space Perception ◽  
Body Morphology ◽  
Near Space

A subpopulation of cerebral B cluster neurones of Aplysia californica is involved in defensive head withdrawal but not appetitive head movements

1989 ◽  
Vol 147 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
T. Teyke ◽  
K. R. Weiss ◽  
I. Kupfermann
Keyword(s):  
Aplysia Californica ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Head Turning ◽  
Turning Response ◽  
Motor Neurones ◽  
Body Wall Muscles ◽  
Intracellular Stimulation ◽  
Withdrawal Response ◽  
Stimulation Of

The cerebral B cluster neurones of Aplysia californica were studied under experimental conditions designed to evoke head movements in a selective fashion: either to approach an appetitive stimulus, or to withdraw from an aversive one. Intracellular recordings indicated the presence of two types of B cluster neurones: Bn cells that had fast (narrow) spikes, and Bb cells that had slow (broad) spikes. Tactile stimulation of the tentacles, rhinophores and lips excited Bn neurones, but inhibited Bb neurones. Intracellular stimulation of Bn cells evoked contractions of body wall muscles. No contractions were observed when Bb cells were fired, indicating that it is unlikely that the Bb neurones are motor neurones. Several lines of evidence indicated that the Bn type neurones are involved in withdrawal responses but not in appetitive head turning. (1) Elimination of the descending axons of the Bn cells by lesioning the cerebropleural connectives (C-Pl connectives) did not affect the head-turning response. This lesion significantly altered the head-withdrawal response by selectively eliminating an initial fast component of the withdrawal movement. (2) In chronic recordings from the C-Pl connective, unit activity was obtained which was correlated with the presentation of an appetitive stimulus rather than with evoked or spontaneous turning movements. A substantial increase in activity also occurred during head withdrawal of the animal. On the basis of these data, we postulate that separate populations of motor neurones are responsible for the aversive withdrawal of the head, and for the directed turning response towards a stimulus.

scholarly journals Reaching measures of monocular distance perception: Forward versus side-to-side head movements and haptic feedback

2000 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1051-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily A. Wickelgren ◽  
Daniel S. Mcconnell ◽  
Geoffrey R Bingham
Keyword(s):  
Haptic Feedback ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Head Movements

scholarly journals Attack Behaviour and Distance Perception in the Australian Bulldog Ant Myrmecia Nigriceps

1985 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Sture Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Binocular Disparity ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Zero Point ◽  
Effective Range ◽  
Moving Targets ◽  
Freely Moving ◽  
Movement Parallax ◽  
Extract Information

The behaviour of the Australian bulldog ant Myrmecia nigriceps (Fr. Smith) has been studied by using moving targets characterized by sizedistance equivalence in relation to a stationary zero-point. The attack behaviour of freely moving animals demonstrated that the ants can discriminate between different targets, in the range of 5–80 cm, using movement parallax to extract information about the targets. By studying the antenna response it was possible to demonstrate that the stationary bulldog ant can utilize binocular disparity information and that this mechanism has an effective range of about 90 mm.

Three-Dimensional Auditory Localization of Nearby Sources

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (21) ◽  
pp. 1531-1534
Author(s):  
Douglas S. Brungart
Keyword(s):  
Distance Perception ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Median Plane ◽  
Auditory Localization ◽  
Distance Information ◽  
Localization Accuracy ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Auditory Distance ◽  
Localization Performance ◽  
Head Related Transfer Function

Although the head-related transfer function (HRTF) is known to change substantially with distance when a source is located within 1 m of the listener's head, very little is known about auditory localization performance in this region. In this experiment, an acoustic point source was used to measure auditory localization accuracy in azimuth, elevation and distance. The overall directional error (16.5°) was similar to that measured in previous localization experiments with more distant sources, although the number of front-back reversals increased when the source was near the head. Distance localization was relatively accurate for lateral sources (stimulus-response correlation r>0.80) and relatively inaccurate for sources near the median plane, indicating that binaural difference cues are important to auditory distance perception for nearby sources. These results suggest that distance-dependent HRTFs measured for nearby sources could be used to provide robust binaural distance information in a virtual audio display.

Using Radial Outflow to Provide Depth Information During Teleoperation

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua A Gomer ◽  
Coleman H Dash ◽  
Kristin S Moore ◽  
Christopher C Pagano
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Depth Information ◽  
Video Monitor ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Remote Camera ◽  
Actual Target ◽  
Radial Outflow ◽  
Familiar Objects

Practical experience has shown that teleoperators have difficulty perceiving aspects of remotely operated robots and their environments (e.g., Casper & Murphy, 2003; Smets, 1995; Tittle, Roesler, & Woods, 2002). Previous research has shown that head motions can provide effective information about depth (Bingham, & Pagano, 1998; Pagano & Bingham, 1998). In three experiments, a method for improving depth perception was investigated, where participants viewed remote targets with a moving camera. The camera was mounted on a teleoperated robotic arm that oscillated toward and away from white squares against black space, producing expansion and contraction of targets on a video monitor. Participants viewed this expansion and contraction and then reported the distance between the remote camera and the targets. Under different experimental conditions, motions of the remote camera arm were coupled with the participants' head movements, were controlled by a joystick, or followed a set of preprogrammed oscillatory motions. Under each of these conditions, participants' distance judgments varied semantically with actual target distances. In addition, the third experiment demonstrated that using familiar objects and providing feedback could be a successful method of training. This was also the case when applied to a condition where distance feedback was not provided and unfamiliar targets were used. The results indicate that the use of radial outflow produced by active or passive front-to-back camera motions and training with familiar objects may be effective strategies for improving depth perception in teleoperation.

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