Processes of Suburbanisation and its Effects on the Finances of Cities in West Germany: The Example of Bremen and the Surrounding Communities

1996 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Pohlan
Keyword(s):  
Central City ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Fiscal Stress ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Municipal Finance ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Financial Strength ◽  
Negative Effect

This paper is an analysis of the effects of suburbanisation processes on the finances of cities in West Germany, taking the metropolitan area of Bremen as an example. The main thesis is that, under the present socioeconomic conditions, the German system of public finance and public responsibilities has led to a growing gap between the financial situations of central cities and of their surrounding communities in urban agglomerations. For the purpose of describing the differences in developments in the central city of Bremen and its suburban area, the main local tax revenues, as well as some indicators of ‘fiscal stress’, and their developments between 1982 and 1992 were analysed. The empirical results verify a significant shift of economic and financial strength to the suburban belt during the period under investigation. Although since the beginning of the 1970s a severe imbalance between the development of revenue and of expenditure needs has generated a dramatic budget situation in Bremen, in the surrounding communities in Lower Saxony budgetaty situations were sound in every respect. Similar processes, which have led to a relative weakness of revenues and increasing debts, have been observed in other central cities in Germany. Obviously the negative effect of suburbanisation processes on the financial situation of the central city is not a problem specific to Bremen. Generally, the larger cities are convinced that their functions for the hinterland and the resulting burdens have not been adequately taken into account in the systems of municipal finance and fiscal equalisation.

City Group Optimization

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Yijun Yang ◽  
Haibin Duan
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Central City ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Local Optima ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Continuous Problems ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
A Chain ◽  
The City ◽  
City Group

City group refers to a collection of cities. Through the development and growth, and these cities form a chain of metropolitan areas. In a city group, cities are divided into central cities and subordinate cities. Generally, central cities have greater chances to develop. However, subordinate cities may not have great chances to develop unless they are adjacent to central cities. Thus, a city is more likely to develop well if it is near a central city. In the process, the spatial distribution of cities changes all the time. Urbanologists call the above phenomena as the evolution of city groups. In this paper, the city group optimization algorithm is presented, which is based on urbanology and mimics the evolution of city groups. The robustness and evolutionary process of the proposed city group optimization algorithm are validated by testing it on 15 benchmark functions. The comparative results show that the proposed algorithm is effective for solving complexly continuous problems due to a stronger ability to escape from local optima.

How Many Urban Brownfields are Out There?: An Economic Base Contraction Analysis of 31 U.S. Cities

1998 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Simons
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central City ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Base ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Brownfield Sites ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Restrictive Definition ◽  
Base Contraction

How many brownfield sites are there in the United States? Although numerous federal and state lists of contaminated lands are known—totaling more than 380,000 sites—there is no comprehensive estimate of unlisted or total brownfield sites. This article uses economic base contraction analysis to provide an estimate of the number and acreage of brownfield sites, by type and as a percentage of the land, in 31 large cities in the United States. This approach recognizes that brownfields are the outcome of years of decline in central-city manufacturing, trade, transportation, and residential uses. Using a moderately restrictive definition of brownfield, there are an estimated 75,000 formerly industrial brownfield sites in these U.S. central cities, on 93,000 acres. This is about 5% of the land area in these communities. Another 20,000 acres are present in these same cities in the form of residential brownfields. These findings imply that the overall number of nonresidential brownfields sites in the United States is at least 500,000 to 600,000 or more.

Discussion on Basic Modes of CBD Construction in Regional Central Cities in China – A Case Study of Chengdu

2012 ◽  
Vol 253-255 ◽  
pp. 219-228
Author(s):  
Min He ◽  
Wan Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Central City ◽  
Human Environment ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Transportation Construction ◽  
Planning Concepts ◽  
Habitat Environment ◽  
At Home

This paper starts from the analysis of CBD concept, characteristics and impact on habitat environment to study and learn successful experience of CBD at home and abroad, aims at the related basic conditions of Chengdu, a regional central city to engage in discussion about Chengdu CBD building from the development positioning, planning concepts , transportation, construction, comprehensive facilities, landscape, human environment and other aspects so as to explore a CBD building path suitable for development of regional central cities in China.

Evaluation and Statistical Analysis on the Centrality Indexes of Tourism Central City in the Central Liaoning Urban Clusters

2010 ◽  
Vol 171-172 ◽  
pp. 671-674
Author(s):  
Zhi Xin Ma ◽  
Xuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Central City ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Principal Component Score ◽  
Tourism Planning ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
Regional Tourism ◽  
Tourism Destinations ◽  
Tourism Economy ◽  
Score Matrix

This paper took 8 tourism central cities in central Liaoning urban clusters as an example, chose 7 indicators to analyze the centrality indexes of the tourism destinations and study the development of regional tourism industry. It firstly made a principal component analysis, then used the extracted principal components as a new integrated variable, the principal component score matrix as the new integrated variable data to make a cluster analysis through the software SPSS. From the perspective of tourism planning, the paper finally determines to establish a system of tourism central cities: Shenyang isⅠ-class tourism central city, Anshan, Fushun and Benxi are Ⅱ-class tourism central cities, Yingkou, Fuxin, Liaoyang and Tieling are Ⅲ-class tourism central cities, and provides the basis for distribution of the regional tourism economy in central Liaoning.

Son preference in Bangladesh: an emerging barrier to fertility regulation

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruhul Amin ◽  
A.G. Mariam
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Survey Data ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
National Level ◽  
Demographic Characteristics ◽  
Son Preference ◽  
Socioeconomic Conditions ◽  
Fertility Regulation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

SummaryThis study investigates the effect of son preference on contraceptive use and desire for additional children using national level survey data from Bangladesh for the years 1969 and 1979. Son preference had a negative effect on contraceptive use and a positive effect on the desire for additional children regardless of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics. This adverse effect of son preference on fertility regulation seemed to have persisted over the years. Relevant socioeconomic conditions in Bangladesh are described.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING FISCAL STRESS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (Case Studies in Districts/Cities in Kunci Bersama Areas for the Period of 2015 - 2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Neni - Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
City Government ◽  
Fiscal Stress ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Local Revenue ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Saturated Sample

AbstractThis study aims at determining the effect of local revenue and capital expenditure on Fiscal Stress in the Kunci Bersama Area in 2015-2019. The population of this study is the district/city government in the Kunci Bersama Area. The entire population becomes a sample called the saturated sample (census). This study has 45 data observations derived from 9 districts/cities' financial statements for the 2015-2019 period. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of a Budget Realization Report in the Kunci Bersama Areas for the 2015-2019 Period. The hypothesis testing tool in this study is the Eviews 9 software. From the test results, it is found that local revenue and capital expenditure affect fiscal stress. Local revenue has a negative effect on fiscal stress, while capital expenditure positively affects fiscal stress.�Keywords: Regional Own Income, Capital Expenditure, and Fiscal Stress

scholarly journals White Flight and Central-City Loss: Application of an Analytic Migration Framework

1979 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
W H Frey
Keyword(s):  
Census Data ◽  
Population Change ◽  
Central City ◽  
Community Level ◽  
White Flight ◽  
White Population ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Central Cities ◽  
City Population ◽  
The Impact

This paper utilizes an analytic migration framework to assess the aggregate impact of selected community-level factors on white population losses experienced in central cities of large metropolitan areas. The framework identifies analytically distinct components of local and long-distance migration streams which contribute directly to central-city population change. Each component can be specified as a function of community-level attributes which are relevant to the explanation of specific in- and out-movement streams. In this application, previously advanced racial and nonracial attributes of central cities and their surrounding suburbs are used to estimate framework components based on 1970 census data for white movement streams associated with the central cities of large SMSAs. These estimates are then used to ascertain the impact that the central-city racial composition exerts on net white out-migration from selected cities. The data demonstrate that the aggregate impact of racially linked ‘white flight’ has been minimal.

Isomerization and aromatization of hydrocarbons in sedimentary basins formed by extension

1983 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. 417-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. Mackenzie ◽  
D. McKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Pannonian Basin ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Single Measure ◽  
The North ◽  
Aromatization Reaction ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
History Of ◽  
Reaction Constants

Summary. The reactions involved in oil generation are of great economic importance, but remain to be studied in detail. We have investigated the rates of three reactions which occur before and during the early stages of oil formation, and have used the predicted thermal and subsidence history of stretched basins to estimate the six reaction constants. Two of the reactions are isomerization reactions, at C-20 in a sterane and at C-22 in a hopane hydrocarbon. The third reaction converts C-ring monoaromatic to triaromatic steroid hydrocarbons. No single measure of maturity can describe the progress of these reactions. In old basins, such as the North Sea, both isomerization reactions are almost complete before appreciable aromatization has occurred, whereas in young basins, such as the Pannonian Basin in Hungary, aromatization is almost complete before appreciable isomerization of the steranes has occurred. We show that the calculated progress of these reactions agrees well with that observed in both basins if the frequency factors and activation energies are 6 x 10-3 s-1 and 91 kJ mol-1, 0.016 s-1 and 91 kJ mol-1, 1.8 x 1024 s-1 and 200 kJ mol-1 for the isomerization of steranes, of hopanes, and the aromatization of steroid hydrocarbons respectively. The rate of conversion of the R to the S form was taken to be 1.174 and 1.564 times that of the reverse reactions for sterane and hopane isomerizations respectively, and the aromatization reaction was assumed to be irreversible. All three reactions were assumed to be first order and unimolecular. The aromatization rate is consistent with laboratory observations. The rate of hopane isomerization is not, and different reaction mechanisms probably dominate at different temperatures. The same constants can be used to predict the progress of the reactions in basins which have been uplifted by inversion, such as the Lower Saxony Basin in West Germany. The geochemical observations provide estimates of the amount and time of uplift which agree with those from geological studies. Geochemical observations from the eastern part of the Paris Basin suggest that this region has also been uplifted by between 1 and 2 km.

scholarly journals Influence of Season, Population and Individual Characteristics on the Prevalence of Leptospira spp. in Bank Voles in North-West Germany

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Schmidt ◽  
Anna Obiegala ◽  
Christian Imholt ◽  
Stephan Drewes ◽  
Marion Saathoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Infection ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Clethrionomys Glareolus ◽  
Lower Saxony ◽  
Pathogenic Leptospira ◽  
North West ◽  
Bank Voles ◽  
Leptospira Spp ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease with more than 1 million human cases annually. Infections are associated with direct contact to infected animals or indirect contact to contaminated water or soil. As not much is known about the prevalence and host specificity of Leptospira spp. in bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), our study aimed to evaluate Leptospira spp. prevalence and genomospecies distribution as well as the influence of season, host abundance and individual characteristics on the Leptospira prevalence. Bank voles, which are abundant and widely distributed in forest habitats, were collected in the years 2018 to 2020 in North-West Germany, covering parts of North Rhine-Westphalia and Lower Saxony. The DNA of 1817 kidney samples was analyzed by real-time PCR targeting the lipl32 gene. Positive samples were further analyzed by targeting the secY gene to determine Leptospira genomospecies and multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to determine the sequence type (ST). The overall prevalence was 7.5% (95% confidence interval: 6.4–8.9). Leptospira interrogans (83.3%), L. kirschneri (11.5%) and L. borgpetersenii (5.2%) were detected in bank voles. Increasing body weight as a proxy for age increased the individual infection probability. Only in years with high bank vole abundance was this probability significantly higher in males than in females. Even if case numbers of human leptospirosis in Germany are low, our study shows that pathogenic Leptospira spp. are present and thus a persisting potential source for human infection.

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