Urban Administration in Post-Soviet Russia: Continuity and Change in St Petersburg

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Hinton
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
City Government ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The City

In this paper institutional change in the former Soviet Union will be explored by focusing on local government politics and administration. The political turmoil in local government is examined as efforts are made to capture the ‘residual legitimacy’ of the Communist Party and to replace the latent functions of the Party in coordinating the complex structure of local government. It is demonstrated that the complex centralized structure of Soviet local government still exists. It is argued that the conflict between the mayor and the city soviet has at least partly been a turf battle over whether the mayor or the city soviet will assume functions previously performed by units of the Communist Party; that, although on the surface the administrative system has been significantly altered, some units are little changed from the Soviet period; and that policy responsibilities of city government are being shaped as they assume by default residual responsibilities from the republic government and as the effects of privatization are felt.

National Awakening and National Consciousness in Belarus

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Marples
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
National Development ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
The Republic ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Culture And Language

A frequent assertion about the recent events and pervasive mood in Belarus—the apparent efforts to reunite with Russia, the virtual denial of a Belarusian identity by a Russophone president, official nostalgia for the time of the former Soviet Union— is that national consciousness is somehow retarded or delayed, and national development is lagging considerably behind that of its neighboring states, Lithuania and Ukraine. This article seeks to address the question of national self-awareness in Belarus from three angles: those of demography, culture, and language. Was development of the republic in the Soviet period different from that of the other republics, and is that development responsible for what has been described as the “national nihilism” of today? Is that mood likely to change with a new generation of Belarusians? How far is President Alyaksander Lukashenka, the first president of Belarus, who was elected in July 1994, responsible for the present situation and how far is he a symptom of the notable lack of self-assertion of Belarusians?

Migrations in Kazakhstan: Past and Present

1997 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gulnar Kendirbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Republic

Kazakhstan has experienced more powerful pressures of migration unlike any other republic of the former Soviet Union. An especially great number of immigrants came to Kazakhstan during the Soviet period. Many peoples of the former Soviet Union, often against their wishes, took up residence in the republic. The recent situation in Kazakhstan is characterized by a further intensification of migratory processes. Their complicated character, both in the past and today, has, in many aspects, influenced the present-day problems of the republic.

scholarly journals Modeling volumes emissions of greenhouse gas in cities using data with various details

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 257-270
Author(s):  
Vladimir Dekhnich
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Actual Energy Consumption ◽  
The City

A comparative analysis of the original methods of modeling urban greenhouse gas emissions caused by communal and transport sectors was carried out. These methods provide information at the level of urban-planning areas limited by the elements of the transport network and characterized by relatively similar buildings. These methods make possible to calculate greenhouse gas emissions from sources of the public sector, such as electricity and heat generation, gas burning for domestic needs. Calculation of emissions from sources of the transport sector includes differentiation by individual street segments. The described methods correspond to different accuracy levels including: the transition from aggregated values to the amount of emissions of individual areas of the city (downscaling); calculations using energy standards; calculations using actual energy consumption data. The considered methods have been tested on the example of the city of Nur-Sultan, that is one of the largest in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The calculation results are close to the actual values of Nur-Sultan's emission. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered methods are described. The factors leading to inaccurate results are considered. It was confirmed that the considered methods can be used for planning climate policy measures, since they allow to identify areas of the city and fields of activity that make the maximum contribution to the formation of greenhouse gas emissions. The considered methods are significant of for the cities of the former Soviet Union, which are characterized by the absence of developed systems for monitoring greenhouse gas emissions, is described, and it becomes necessary to calculate greenhouse gas emissions using indirect sources.

scholarly journals On the Evolution of Hierarchical Urban Systems in Soviet Russia, 1897–1989

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 11389
Author(s):  
Kazuhiro Kumo ◽  
Elena Shadrina
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Urban Systems ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Late Imperial ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Soviet Russia

One piece of evidence of the inefficiency of the spatial economy of modern Russia presented in the seminal work of Hill and Gaddy (2004) is that Russian urban agglomerations are non-viable. This was demonstrated using Zipf’s rank-size distribution, which does not hold for Russian urban systems. Hill and Gaddy explained this through the legacy of the Soviet command-administrative planning. Having constructed an original dataset, which incorporated comprehensive historical data for all the cities in the former Soviet Union republics and tested the rank-size distributions for the respective years, the study yielded more nuanced findings. First, unlike the modern Russian hierarchical urban systems, the Soviet ones followed rank-size distribution fairly well. Second, the Soviet urban systems were evolving. In the late Imperial era and early Soviet period, they followed the Zipf’s law prediction. However, between 1939 and 1959, the rank-size distribution diverged from the predicted one. Yet again, the Soviet hierarchical urban systems revealed a trend of convergence toward the traditional rank-size distribution in the late Soviet era. A corollary to such evidence from data trajectory appears that the evolution of the Soviet hierarchical urban systems was not necessarily the ultimate product of the urban development policies of the command-administrative system. It can be thus presumed that, contrary to the established belief, command administrative urban development might be ineffectual even in centrally planned socialist economies.

scholarly journals ON ORGANIZATION OF PASSENGER TRANSPORTATION IN SMALL CITIES OF KYRGYZSTAN (on the example of Tash-Kumyr)

2021 ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
R.B. Shaydullaev ◽  
U.I. Abdimatov ◽  
B.M. Mamatkadyrova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Small Towns ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Passenger Transportation ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
The City

The subject of the research is the peculiarities of the organization of passenger transportation in small towns of Kyrgyzstan, since timely transport links between nearby settlements are of particular importance in settlements, as is the case in the city of Tash-Kumyr. The problems of the development of cities involved in the mining industry in America and Europe are considered, in these countries during the crisis there were also collapses. But in these countries, with the improvement of the country's economy, they left the stage of collapse, therefore, one of the ways out of the collapse of the city of Tash-Kumyr, we proposed to organize a tourist base. The main stages of the development of the city of Tash-Kumyr in the post-Soviet period and the ways of solving problems in organizing a new route of movement between the settlement of Kyzyl-Alma and the city have been studied, and chronometers of the movement of the direct route of the city of Tash-Kumyr have been made. In addition, the speed of movement, the consumption of fuels and lubricants (POL) and the economic effect of the newly opened route of public transport in comparison with the private transportation of passengers have been determined. The purpose of this work is to organize passenger transportation in small towns by the example in the city of Tash-Kumyr when changing the route of movement of vehicles within the city and creating favorable conditions for opening a tourist base. The city of Tash-Kumyr was formed in the process of opening, this settlement of a coal mine, in this regard, a city with all amenities appeared in a small place. With the opening of a coal mine, jobs were organized for engineers and technicians, miners, builders and other professions. Such a process of organizing work took place during the development of the former Soviet Union, but with the collapse of the Union, all ties with other republics of the former Union were destroyed. The article examines the existing routes in the city of Tash-Kumyr: direct and circular bus routes. The proposed route of movement facilitates transport links with. Kyzyl-Alma with the small town of Tash-Kumyr, and the population of the village has an opportunity to get relief during the trip to the city.

Kazak Scholars Organize Association of Applied Anthropology

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-41
Author(s):  
Agyn Kasymzhanov ◽  
Benita Howell
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Heritage Tourism ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Applied Anthropology ◽  
Editorial Note ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The City

Editorial note: Kazakhstan emerged from fifty years of Soviet rule following the collapse of the former Soviet Union to become the Republic of Kazakstan (the new transliteration from the Turkic Kazak language rather than from Russian is itself symbolic of independence). Scholars in the new republic turned to the task of reorganizing universities, redefining disciplines, and applying their work to national problem solving. Culturally, Kazaks are reasserting their Islamic religious identity that was submerged during the Soviet era. They are restoring mosques and shrines not only as places of worship, however, but as important symbols of cultural heritage that document Kazak claims to their rightful place in the Islamic world Increasing numbers of pilgrims are visiting shrines, for example, the 600 year old Masoleum of Kodzha Akhmed Yassawi in the city of Turkistan, built by the order of Timur (Tamerlaine). The Kazaks hope to develop a heritage tourism industry around the architectural monuments and archeological sites that attest to their long, rich cultural history.

scholarly journals The Democratic Revolution in the USSR: Can the System Cope with Pluralism?

1992 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 27-49
Author(s):  
Donald R. Kelley
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Democratic Revolution ◽  
The Republic

Gorbachev's democratic revolution in the former Soviet Union fundamentally reshaped not only the political process of his nation but redefined the very nature of the nation itself. Begun as an attempt to implement guided reforms and to develop a political formula that would undercut conservative opposition, the interlocking policies of perestroika, glasnost, and demokratizatsiia acquired a life of their own, setting loose political and social forces that escaped the control of leadership at all levels. The abolition of the monopoly role of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the creation of democratically elected legislatures at all levels, and the proliferation of political parties and interest groups have created a truly pluralistic political system. But with such pluralism comes the need to develop mechanisms that will mediate among newly empowered political forces, finding some common ground of compromise and adjustment. In the Soviet context, four such sources of mediational activity are possible: (1) a reformed Communist Party might transform itself into a broad pro-reform coalition; (2) the newly formed political parties and groups might form broad coalitions; (3) the legislature(s) might develop mechanisms fostering the emergence of consensus; and (4) coordination might be provided by the all-union and republic presidencies. Yet even before the coup attempt, little progress had been made in finding widespread consensus, and the post-coup dispersal of power to the republic level has made the system even less likely to produce such agreement.

scholarly journals Between Berlin and Moscow: Polish Western Thought in the Twenty-Year Interwar Period

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Masnyk
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Imperial Period ◽  
Academic Publications ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Culture ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article deals with the professional discussion about the so-called “difficult questions” of Russian history that involves historians and teachers in the now independent republics of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Block. Both academic publications and teaching books are used as primary sources for the study. In the first section, the author studies several problems connected with the origin of Russian statehood, the Varangian question, and civilizational characteristics of East Slavic nations. The second section is devoted to the Russian imperial past and especially to the discourse on colonialism, which is often used as an explanatory model for the imperial period by historians and textbook authors in some of the post-Soviet countries. The third section is concerned with the conception of the 1917 revolution. The author emphasizes the fact that the conception of a continuous revolutionary process (1917–1922) has yet to be accepted by Russian secondary schools. In this part, the author considers several other factors significant for understanding the revolutionary process including issues such as the origins of the First World War and the developmental level of the Russian Empire in the early twentieth century. In the fourth section, the article discusses the conception of the 1930s Soviet modernization along with negative opinions about the Soviet period given by scholars of different former Soviet republics. In the fifth section, the author briefly observes contemporary studies of culture and everyday life. It is concluded that the history of culture is not represented well in Russian school textbooks, and it is also found that the studies on everyday life are often lacking in depth. Discussing various “difficult questions” of Russian history, the author highlights controversial historical ideas and opinions, formulated in the post-Soviet countries during the last decades.

scholarly journals «ЧЕРКАСОВСКОЕ» ДВИЖЕНИЕ В ЯЛТЕ 1944 г.

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-51
Author(s):  
N.D. Borshchik ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Health Resort ◽  
Crimean Peninsula ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
The City

The article deals with the problems of post-war reconstruction of Yalta – one of the most popular resorts of the Soviet Union. During the great Patriotic war, this all-Union health resort was subjected to barbaric destruction and looting. The fascist occupation regime (1941-1944) caused enormous damage to the health resort Fund of Yalta, the city economy and the entire infrastructure of the southern coast of Crimea. The rapid return to the pre-war structure and the commissioning of social facilities has become a priority for the regional authorities and the population. In addition to traditional methods, the Patriotic «Сherkassov» movement, which began in the liberated Stalingrad in 1943 and spread throughout the country, was widely used. A solid Foundation was laid for the interaction of the city administration of Yalta and the local population with the commanders and soldiers of the red Army. Based on the analysis of archival documents of the State archive of the Republic of Crimea, it was possible to trace the course of restoration work in the fi rst months after the liberation of the Crimean Peninsula from fascism. It is established that for the rapid restoration and functioning of the Yalta resorts, public activists launched a socialist competition on «Сherkassov» methods

scholarly journals Struktur Organisasi Kelembagaan Penanaman Modal di Kota Bandung

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Dewi Gartika
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
City Government ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Local Government Authority ◽  
The City ◽  
Government Authority

In Act No. 23 of 2014 on Regional Government, where there mention of the obligatory functions and affairs of choice, where one obligatory This is an investment, then in Government Regulation No. 38 Year 2007 on the dealings between the central government, provincial government and district / city government, a local government authority is in the field of investment, government Bandung, capital investment is obligatory and one local government authority is placed in the structure organization Bappeda Bandung is in the Investment Sector, is of course contrary to the Law No. 23 Year 2014 and Government Regulation No. 38 of 2007. This paper provides the organizational structure of institu-tional investment in the city of Bandung.Dalam Undang-Undang Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang Pemerintahan Daerah dise-butkan mengenai urusan wajib dan urusan pilihan, dimana salah satu urusan wajib ini adalah pena-naman modal, kemudian dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 38 Tahun 2007 tentang Pembagian urusan antara pemerintah pusat, pemerintah provinsi, dan pemerintah kabupaten/kota, salah satu kewenangan pemerintah daerah adalah dalam bidang penanaman modal, di pemerintahan Kota Bandung, penanaman modal yang merupakan urusan wajib dan salah satu kewenangan pemerintah daerah ditempatkan dalam struktur organisasi Bappeda Kota Bandung yaitu pada Bidang Pena-naman Modal, ini tentu saja berseberangan dengan UU No. 32 Tahun 2004/UU No. 23 Tahun 2014 dan Peraturan Pemerintah No. 38 Tahun 2007. Artikel ini berisi tentang struktur organisasi kelem-bagaan penanaman modal di Kota Bandung.

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