scholarly journals The Global Trend towards Devolution and its Implications

10.1068/c0235 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrés Rodríguez-Pose ◽  
Nicholas Gill
Keyword(s):  
General Trend ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
The Usa ◽  
General Drive

Globalisation has been accompanied by an equally global tendency towards devolution of authority and resources from nation-states to regions and localities that takes on various forms, depending upon which actors are driving the decentralisation efforts. The existence of a general trend towards devolution also has significant implications for efficiency, equity, and administration. The authors outline first the general drive towards devolution and then proceed to examine which countries are experiencing which forms of decentralisation. A theoretical argument emphasising the role of governmental legitimacy across various tiers of government is used to explain the diversity of devolution initiatives, drawing on examples that include Brazil, Mexico, India, China, the USA, and some European countries. Having supported their model of decentralisation, the authors then examine the implications of the widespread downward transfer of power towards regions. Some of the less widely discussed pitfalls of decentralisation are presented; caution in promoting devolutionary efforts is the prescription of this paper.

Embedded librarians as research partners in South Korea

2020 ◽  
pp. 096100062096255
Author(s):  
Eun-Ja Shin
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Information Science ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Science Department ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Final Draft ◽  
The Usa

Recently, many articles co-authored by librarians have been published in non-library and information science journals. This may indicate that embedded librarians are actively working as research partners in various fields. However, studies have rarely discussed the roles and experience of embedded librarians and, unlike the USA and European countries, the activities of embedded librarians in Korea are not well reported. This study collected and analysed co-authored articles from Korean faculty and librarians. In addition to identifying the role of the embedded librarian by analysing the author-contributions texts of the articles, the study examined the backgrounds of librarians and the difficulties of collaborating through interviews with librarian authors. The results of the analyses show that the number of collaborative articles by faculty and embedded librarians increased over the years and, of these, almost 70% were medical publications. The roles of the librarians outlined in the author-contributions texts were as reported in previous studies but, in many cases, their role was more significant than traditional liaison work, such as reporting the study’s methodology or approving the final draft. In the interviews, the embedded librarians expressed that they had experienced some difficulties, such as lack of time, insufficient guidelines and an inadequate curriculum in their library and information science department. For librarians to be recognized as research partners, they need to communicate well with team members and have knowledge, skills and abilities related to the research. Further, to achieve this collaboration, the curriculum of departments should be reformed. If such efforts are made, it is expected that embedded librarians will continue to excel in their role as liaison librarians, which has contributed to supporting research projects.

scholarly journals CLIMATE POLICY OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 270-275
Author(s):  
Anna V. Komarova
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Climate Policy ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Energy Sources

The article examines the structure of modern documents of European countries in the field of climate policy, including changes in recent years. Based on the results of the analysis of the dynamics and structure of energy consumption in the European macro-region, it was revealed that against the background of the general trend of decreasing energy consumption, there is an increase in the role of renewable energy sources. When comparing the indicators of the share of renewable energy sources in energy consumption and targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions for individual countries, significant differences were revealed for individual countries of the European macro-region.

scholarly journals The frontal cortex and the criminal justice system

2004 ◽  
Vol 359 (1451) ◽  
pp. 1787-1796 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Zeki ◽  
O. R. Goodenough ◽  
Robert M. Sapolsky
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Justice System ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Late Development ◽  
Impulsive Behaviour ◽  
The Usa

In recent decades, the general trend in the criminal justice system in the USA has been to narrow the range of insanity defences available, with an increasing dependence solely on the M'Naghten rule. This states that innocence by reason of insanity requires that the perpetrator could not understand the nature of their criminal act, or did not know that the act was wrong, by reason of a mental illness. In this essay, I question the appropriateness of this, in light of contemporary neuroscience. Specifically, I focus on the role of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in cognition, emotional regulation, control of impulsive behaviour and moral reasoning. I review the consequences of PFC damage on these endpoints, the capacity for factors such as alcohol and stress to transiently impair PFC function, and the remarkably late development of the PFC (in which full myelination may not occur until early adulthood). I also consider how individual variation in PFC function and anatomy, within the normative range, covaries with some of these endpoints. This literature is reviewed because of its relevance to issues of criminal insanity; specifically, damage can produce an individual capable of differentiating right from wrong but who, nonetheless, is organically incapable of appropriately regulating their behaviour.

scholarly journals Nanoparticles from the Cosmetics and Medical Industries in Legal and Environmental Aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 5805
Author(s):  
Renata Włodarczyk ◽  
Anna Kwarciak-Kozłowska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
European Commission ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Environmental Aspects ◽  
High Chemical ◽  
Characteristic Structure ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Subject

This paper presents the application and role of nanomaterials, with particular emphasis on the cosmetics and medical industries. Methods of obtaining materials at the nanoscale and their characteristic structure, which determines their attractiveness and risk, especially in recent years, have been described. The subject of the work was to indicate the hazards and risks that are associated with the properties of nanomaterials; dimension, and high chemical and physical activity, thus making ways to capture and monitor them difficult. Legal and environmental aspects were taken into account, and the involvement of the European Commission in this subject and the activities carried out in a few European countries as well as in Japan, the USA and Canada were analyzed.

scholarly journals Partners Apart? The Foreign Policy Attitudes of the American and European Publics

2004 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
PIERANGELO ISERNIA ◽  
PHILIP P. EVERTS
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Views ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Common Interests ◽  
Mass Level

It is often argued today that a deep and troublesome gap across the Atlantic has been developing and that Europeans and Americans no longer share the same view of the world. On the basis of data gathered in the 2002 Transatlantic Trends Survey, held in the USA and six European countries, this article assesses whether there is indeed such a gap at the mass level. It focuses on three major dimensions of world views: (1) perceptions of threats (2) the sense of affinity with other countries in terms of allies, friends or foes, and (3) attitudes toward the use of force, both in general and in specific circumstances, more particularly the war over Iraq. It concludes that European publics in 2002 looked at the world in a way that is rather similar to that of many ordinary Americans including harbouring deep reservations about the conduct of certain aspects of U.S. foreign policy. Both publics share fundamental worldviews. On Iraq, Europeans and Americans agreed in some respects (such as the necessary role of the UN) but disagreed on other. In many respects at the mass level the differences across the Atlantic are of degree, and not fundamental. They result from disaffection with the present administration rather than with US policies in general. Moreover, the alleged European ‘anti-Americanism’ is a misnomer, which hides the considerable sympathies and warm feelings towards America, and the perceived common interests and values.

scholarly journals The 2020 war in Nagorno-Karabakh: the regional dimension

2020 ◽  
pp. 181-191
Author(s):  
G. Avetikyan
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
The Usa ◽  
First Time

The war in Nagorno-Karabakh that erupted in the autumn of 2020 is significantly different from the first Karabakh war of the early 1990s. First, this time the war ended in the Armenian defeat. Second, the role of Turkey has been significantly increased. Third, a Russian peacekeeping contingent has appeared in the disputed territory between Azerbaijan and Armenia for the first time. Russia's role in the conflict settlement has reached a fundamentally new level, while the roles of the USA, France and other European countries, and of the OSCE Minsk Group have diminished essentially. The article discusses the regional dimension of the new war and defines the main principles underlying the approaches to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict of those states that directly border Armenia and Azerbaijan.

Desecularization as Phenomenon at the Turn of 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Sergey V.  Lebedev ◽  
Galina N.  Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Islamic Revolution ◽  
Islamic Movement ◽  
The World ◽  
Rational Alternative ◽  
Role Of Religion

In the article the authors note that since the 1970s, with the rise of the Islamic movement and the Islamic revolution in Iran, philosophers and political scientists started to talk about religious renaissance in many regions of the world. In addition, the point at issue is the growing role of religion in society, including European countries that have long ago gone through the process of secularization. The reasons for this phenomenon, regardless of its name, are diverse, but understandable: secular ideologies of the last century failed to explain the existing social problems and give them a rational alternative.

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