Decentralization and Fiscal Disparities in the United States of America

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
P R Dommel
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specific Method ◽  
Federal System ◽  
Intergovernmental Transfers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Fiscal Disparities ◽  
Fiscal Conditions ◽  
The Usa

This paper examines the increasingly important role of the states in the US federal system and the implications of that growing role for the allocation of intergovernmental transfers. The author argues that as intergovernmental funds become more scarce, as is occurring in the USA, the distribution of these funds needs to take more account of the relative fiscal conditions of the states and to direct a larger share of funds to the fiscally weaker states. Various approaches to altering allocation systems are presented and a specific method for adjusting for fiscal disparities among the states is offered.

scholarly journals Probiotic Products in Canada with Clinical Evidence: What Can Gastroenterologists Recommend?

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregor Reid ◽  
Kingsley Anukam ◽  
Tara Koyama
Keyword(s):  
United States Of America ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
The Us ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Health Canada

Probiotics, defined as ‘live microorganisms, which when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host’, are finally becoming an option for gastroenterologists in Canada, after being available for many years in Japan, Europe and the United States of America. Unfortunately, Health Canada and the US Food and Drug Administration have not controlled the use of the term ‘probiotic’ or put into place United Nations and World Health Organization guidelines. The net result is that a host of products called ‘probiotics’ are available but are not truly probiotic. The aim of the present review was to discuss the rationale for probiotics in gastroenterology, and specifically examine which products are options for physicians in Canada, and which ones patients might be using. It is hoped that by clarifying what probiotics are, and the strengths and limitations of their use, specialists will be better placed to make recommendations on the role of these products in patient care. In due course, more clinically documented probiotics will emerge, some with therapeutic effects based on a better understanding of disease processes.

The United States and Elections in Africa (2015–2018)

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Urnov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
The United States ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Us ◽  
Global Leader ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selection Of

As a self-proclaimed “Global Leader” the United States have made “the assertion, advancement, support and defense of democracy” throughout the world one of the pillars of their foreign policy. This aim invariably figures in all Washington’s program documents pertaining to Africa. A major component of these efforts is an assistance to regular, free and fair elections. The selection of arguments cited to justify such activities has been done skilfully. In each specific case it is emphasized that the United States do not side with any competing party, stand “above the battle”, work for the perfection of electoral process, defend the rights of opposition and rank and file votes, render material and technical help to national electoral committees. Sounds irreproachable. However, the real situation is different. The study of the US practical activities in this field allows to conclude that Washington has one-sidedly awarded itself a role of a judge and supervisor of developments related to elections in the sovereign countries of Africa, tries to control the ways they are prepared and conducted. These activities signify an interference into the internal affairs of African states. The scale and forms of such interference differ and is subjected to tasks the USA try to resolve in this or that country on the national, regional or global levels. However, everywhere it serves as an instrument of penetration and strengthening of the US influence, enhancing the US political presence in African countries. The right of the US to perform this role is presented as indisputable. Sceptics are branded as opponents of democracy. The author explores the US positions and activities connected with elections in Africa during the last years of B.Obama and first two years of D.Trump presidencies. He shows how their policy have been implemented on the continental level and in regard to several countries – South Sudan, Libya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Nigeria, Somali, Kenya, Uganda.

scholarly journals Translator Training Programmes in Hungary and the United States of America

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-88
Author(s):  
Albert Vermes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
Employment Growth ◽  
The United States ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
The Us ◽  
Translator Training ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Training Programmes ◽  
Asian Languages

Abstract This paper examines translator training programmes in Hungary and the USA. Programmes operated by different institutions reveal greater differences of structure and content in the US than in Hungary. Most US programmes offer training in Spanish-English translation/interpreting, with a number of European and Asian languages also available, whereas in Hungary the dominant foreign languages are English and German, with other languages having a relatively marginal role. The number of training programmes, relative to economic needs, seems adequate in Hungary, while in the US there are far fewer than would be needed, in view of employment growth projections

scholarly journals Afro-Brazilian Studies in the 1930s: Intellectual Networks between Brazil and the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 32-49
Author(s):  
Amurabi Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Intellectual Networks ◽  
Brazilian Studies ◽  
Afro Brazilian

In this article, I map some of the US-Brazil networks of intellectuals who helped to develop the field of Afro-Brazilian studies in the 1930s. While discussing the emergence and institutionalization of the field, I highlight the role of figures such as Rüdiger Bilden (1893-1980), Melville Herskovits (1895-1963), Donald Pierson (1900-1995), Gilberto Freyre (1900-1987), Arthur Ramos (1903-1949), Ruth Landes (1908-1991), and Edison Carneiro (1912-1972). Together, these scholars from the United States and Brazil were key to the development of Afro-Brazilian studies as an interdisciplinary field.

scholarly journals Obesity and Multimorbidity in the USA: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2014

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 616-617
Author(s):  
David Lynch ◽  
Curtis Petersen ◽  
Hillary Spangler ◽  
Anna Kahkoska ◽  
John Batsis
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
National Health ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
The United States ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Declining mortality rates and an aging population have contributed to increasing rates of multimorbidity (≥2 chronic conditions) in the United States. Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of chronic diseases. We evaluated the association between obesity and multimorbidity, and how the prevalence of concomitant obesity has changed over time. We used data from 8,883 individuals aged ≥60 years with data on body mass index (BMI) and self-reported comorbidities from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2005-2014. Logistic regression was used to quantify the association between BMI categories (<18.5, 18.5-24.9, 25-29.9, ≥30 kg/m2) and multimorbidity (yes/no). Change in proportions of obesity coexisting with multimorbidity by year was tested through linear regression. All analysis used NHANES survey design and weighting to be representative of the US population. The overall proportion of individuals with concomitant multimorbidity and obesity was 75%. As compared to a normal BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m2), older adults with obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) had higher odds of multimorbidity (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.49,2.12). Persons with obesity had higher odds of decline in physical (1.41 [1.06,1.88]), basic (1.56 [1.13,2.15]), and instrumental activities of daily living (OR 1.58 [1.03,2.40]). The proportion of individuals with obesity and multimorbidity increased over time, but did not reach significance (β = 0.008, p=0.051). These results emphasize the role of obesity as a contributing factor to the burden of multimorbidity among older adults and underscore the importance of identifying and addressing obesity and multimorbidity via interventions to decrease obesity prevalence.

scholarly journals London Conference of the Iraqi Opposition (14-17 December 2002) And the role of the United States of America

2018 ◽  
Vol 226 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-310
Author(s):  
Dr. Wasn Said Aboud
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
Critical Situation ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Military ◽  
Political Scene ◽  
London Conference

     This research addressed the study of one of the conferences held by the Iraqi opposition to unite its efforts against the Baath regime in Iraq. The research found that this conference came with a proposal and encouragement of the US administration, which was in a critical situation before the international community, which refused to use military action to overthrow Saddam. The US administration found in the Iraqi opposition a solution to its problem by presenting it as a unified and declaring an alternative to the rule of Iraq. Thus, the international argument that refuses to support the military option falls . Was the most important conference in which the US administration supports the Iraqi opposition and keen on its success in front of public opinion. Moreover, the conference largely reflected the contradictions and conflicts between the opposition factions. The conference clearly marked the beginning of adopting concepts such as sectarianism, nationalism and ethnicity among the political entities, which cast a shadow on the political scene in Iraq after 2003.

scholarly journals The value of wildlife in the US: from the idea to practice

2018 ◽  
pp. 20-30
Author(s):  
Tetiana Perga
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Creation ◽  
American Society

The development of the idea of wildlife conservation in the USA has investigated. The role of colonization of the North American continent in attracting interest to wildlife has identified. Two vectors of such influence are determined: negative impact (destruction of many species of flora and fauna) and positive (the discovery of unique natural landscapes). The contribution of American painters, writers, scholars, and statesmen of late 19th – 20th centuries in the disclosure of the non-economic value of wildlife and the creation of the first areas of its protection has defined. The US legislation on wildlife conservation in the twentieth century has analyzed. The role of US President Theodore Roosevelt in establishing the first US nature reserves has revealed. It has concluded that on the eve of World War II, American society has already spread an understanding of the importance of protecting wildlife and American presidents carried out fragmentary measures in this area. Despite the widespread perception of wildlife in American society in terms of assessing its economic value, which was associated with the needs of hunting and tourism development, an understanding of the importance of preserving the species of wild flora and fauna for the development of ecosystems has been already developed. On this basis, in the second half of the twentieth century, the first legislative acts on the protection of wildlife were adopted. It has proved that the first in the world the United States gave a legal definition of wildlife and enshrined it in 1964 the Wilderness Act. The term “wild river” introduced by the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act (1968) has analyzed. The growth of the National System of Wildlife Refuges and the procedure for the creation of such sites in the USA have considered. The modern problems of wildlife conservation in the USA are clarified. It is found that they are closely connected with the considerable increase in resource requirements due to population growth and urbanization. A conclusion is made about the US influence on the development of wildlife conservation in European countries, which adopted the first laws in wildlife protection only in the 1990s.

scholarly journals Improving the counter-terrorism system: the US experience

2021 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Author(s):  
V. BOKHENKO
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Involvement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Public ◽  
Counter Terrorism ◽  
Special Services ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Usa

The article is devoted to the analysis of the counter-terrorism system in the United States. The system of subjects of fight against terrorism, and also innovations in anti-terrorist activity of law enforcement agencies and special services of the USA is defined. Some US regulations in the field of counter-terrorism are considered. The role of the public in the fight against terrorism is noted, the mechanisms of public involvement in this activity are highlighted.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEM OF NAVAL WEAPONS’ LIMITATION IN FOREIGN POLICY OF THE USA IN THE EARLY 20-IES OF XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Goncharenko A.V.
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
White House ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa

The article researches the position of the United States on the issue of naval arms restriction in the early 20-ies of the XX century. There are outlined causes, the course and the consequences of the intensification of Washington’s naval activity during the investigated period. It is explored the process of formation and implementation of the US initiatives to limit naval weapons before and during the Washington Peace Conference of 1921–1922. The role of the USA in the settlement of foreign policy contradictions between the leading countries of the world in the early 20-ies of the XX century is analyzed. In the early 20’s of the XX century there have been some changes in the international relations system and the role of the USA in it. Despite the isolation stance taken by Washington, the White House continues its policy of «open doors» and «equal opportunities», promoting the elimination of unequal agreements between foreign countries with China, and attempts to influence the position of European countries and Japan in the naval contest issues and limitation of naval weapons. Taking full advantages, which were giving the United States’ the richest country and world creditor status, the US Department of State has stepped up its US impact in the Asia-Pacific region. The new Republican administration succeeded in offsetting the failures of the Paris Decisions of 1919–1920 and began to СУМСЬКА СТАРОВИНА 2019 №LIV 75 construct a new model of international relations in which the United States would occupy a leading position. The success of US diplomacy at the Washington Peace Conference of 1921– 1922 contributed to this. However, the conflict between the former allies within the Entente was only smoothed out and not settled. The latter has led to increasing US capital expansion into Europe due to the significant economic growth in the country. Despite the fact that the Republicans’ achievements in US foreign policy on local issues have been much more specific than trying to solve the problem of a new system of international relations globally, these achievements have been rather relative. Leading countries in the world were still making concessions to the White House on separate issues, but in principle they were not ready to accept the scheme of relations offered by the States. That is why American foreign policy achievements have been impermanent. Key words: the

Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis

2019 ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Attarid Awadh Abdulhameed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
National Security ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Ukrainian Crisis ◽  
Zero Sum

Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.  As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry. There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to  Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence  on its forces especially the Navy Forces. There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.

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