The Cost of Local Government Structural Reorganisation in Great Britain during the 1990s

10.1068/c0063 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Transition Costs ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Official Data

When the structure of local government in Great Britain was reorganised during the 1990s, considerable emphasis was placed by the government on the financial savings which would accrue to offset the costs incurred in making the changes. Previous work examined these expectations and found clear evidence that the ex ante estimates of transition costs given to the Westminster parliament were serious underestimates, and that the expected savings had not, at that time, materialised. This work was done at a time when it was known that some of the official data on transition costs would not be complete until after the close of the 2000/01 financial year. The author's primary purpose is to place on record what may be regarded as the final estimates of the transition costs in England, Scotland, and Wales. In addition, comparisons between the ex ante estimates of the costs of structural change and the ex post evidence concerning actual costs are updated. The discrepancy between these is such as to confirm the need for some form of independent scrutiny of new legislation at the time when it is being considered in parliament, to ensure that decisions are taken in the light of realistic assessments of the costs and benefits of proposed enactments.

scholarly journals The Case for the Stateless Society: Law

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-118
Author(s):  
Antón Chamberlin ◽  
Walter E. Block
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Contrast ◽  
Mutual Gain ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Stateless Society ◽  
The Government

AbstractWhat is the argument against government? There are several. For one thing, there is automatic exit for failure: businesses that do not earn a profit go bankrupt, and their resources tend to migrate to other, more effective, managers. For another, entrepreneurs operate with their own funds, or those voluntarily entrusted to them. This does not apply to bureaucrats and politicians, in sharp contrast. Perhaps most important, in the case of each and every commercial interaction in the market, buying, selling, renting, lending, borrowing, there is mutual gain at least in the ex ante sense of anticipations, and usually ex post, after the trade, as well. This rarely occurs under statism, at least not with regard to its source of funds, taxation, since it is not voluntary. An exception would be the relatively unimportant cases in which a consumer purchases something from the government, such as a ticket to cross a bridge, or a producer sells something to this organization, such as an airplane. The present paper is an attempt to elaborate upon this considerations.

scholarly journals LIBERALISM, LOCAL GOVERNMENT REFORM, AND POLITICAL EDUCATION IN GREAT BRITAIN AND BRITISH INDIA, 1880–1886

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN WEINSTEIN
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
The Body ◽  
Political Education ◽  
Government Reform ◽  
British India ◽  
The Government

AbstractThis article attempts to shed new light on the character of late Victorian Liberalism by investigating its political priorities in British India. It takes as its particular focus the debates which raged between 1881 and 1883 over the Government of India Resolution on Local Self-Government. Along with the Ilbert Bill, the Resolution comprised the centrepiece of the marquis of Ripon's self-consciously Liberal programme for dismantling Lytton's Raj. When analysed in conjunction with contemporaneous Liberal discourse on English local government reform, the debates surrounding the Resolution help to clarify many of the central principles of late Victorian Liberalism. In particular, these debates emphasize the profound importance of local government reform to what one might call the Liberal project. Beyond its utility in effecting retrenchment, efficiency, and ‘sound finance’, local government reform was valued by Liberals as the best and safest means of effecting ‘political education’ among populations, in both Britain and India, with increasingly strong claims to inclusion within the body politic.

Negative-Emission Technologies and Patent Rights after COVID-19

Climate Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 225-265
Author(s):  
Joshua D. Sarnoff
Keyword(s):  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Private Funding ◽  
Compulsory Licensing ◽  
Patent Pools ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Patent Rights ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
The Cost ◽  
National Governments ◽  
Negative Emission Technologies

Abstract Governmental and particularly private funding has recently and dramatically expanded for both beccs and dac technologies. This funding and the associated research, development, and deployment efforts will generate intellectual property rights, particularly patent rights in nets. As with access to medicines, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted concerns that patent rights may incentivize RD&D at the cost of affordable access to the relevant technologies. Further, access may be restricted to particular countries based on sovereignty concerns to seek preferential supply agreements through up-front funding. As a result, nations will likely turn to controversial ex-post measures, such as compulsory licensing, to assure access and to control prices of the needed technologies. The same concerns with patent rights likely will affect RD&D of nets. Although international ex-ante measures exist (such as patent pools) which would help to minimize these concerns, such measures may not induce the requisite voluntary contributions, or may fail to materialize due to political disagreements. Focusing on both US law and international developments, this article proposes various ex-ante measures that can be adopted by national governments and private funders to minimize the likely forthcoming worldwide conflicts that will arise over balancing innovation incentives for, and affordable access to, patented nets.

scholarly journals Retrospective Evaluation of the Costs of Complying with Light-Duty Vehicle Surface Coating Requirements

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-64
Author(s):  
Ann Wolverton ◽  
Ann E. Ferris ◽  
Nathalie B. Simon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Coating ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Unit Cost ◽  
Hazardous Air Pollutants ◽  
Light Duty ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Light Duty Vehicle ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

This paper compares the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) ex ante compliance cost estimates for the 2004 Automobile and Light-Duty Truck Surface Coating National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants to ex post evidence on the actual costs of compliance based on ex post cost data gathered from a subset of the industry via pilot survey and follow-up interviews. Unlike many prior retrospective studies on the cost of regulatory compliance, we use this newly gathered information to identify the key drivers of any differences between the ex ante and ex post estimates. We find that the U.S. EPA overestimated the cost of compliance for the plants in our sample and that overestimation was driven primarily by differences in the method of compliance rather than differences in the per-unit cost associated with a given compliance approach. In particular, the U.S. EPA expected facilities to install pollution abatement control technologies in their paint shops to reduce emissions of hazardous air pollutants, but instead these plants complied by reformulating coatings.

Preventing Crime Waves

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Bond ◽  
Kathleen Hagerty
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Equilibria ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Crime Wave ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms

We study the design of enforcement mechanisms when enforcement resources are chosen ex ante and are inelastic ex post. Multiple equilibria arise naturally. We identify a new answer to the old question of why non-maximal penalties are used to punish moderate actions: “marginal” penalties are much more attractive in the Pareto inferior crime wave equilibrium. Specifically, although marginal penalties have both costs and benefits, the net benefit is strictly positive in the crime wave equilibrium. In contrast, marginal penalties frequently have a net cost in the noncrime wave equilibrium. We also show that increasing enforcement resources may worsen crime. (JEL D82, K42)

scholarly journals Collecting Built Environment Information Using UAVs: Time and Applicability in Building Inspection Activities

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 4731
Author(s):  
Rachele Grosso ◽  
Umberto Mecca ◽  
Giuseppe Moglia ◽  
Francesco Prizzon ◽  
Manuela Rebaudengo
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Construction Sector ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Way Of Thinking

The Italian way of thinking about maintenance is too often one-sided. Indeed, it is considered not so much as a useful practice to prevent the occurrence of a fault (ex ante), but as an intervention to solve it (ex post). Analyzing the legislation relating to the construction sector, it can be seen that it does not clearly define the responsibilities, timescales and methods in which maintenance interventions must be planned and carried out. For this reason, this practice is still very weak compared, for example, to the industrial sector, where it is an established practice. Currently, the complexity of reading the maintenance plans drawn up by designers and the considerable costs associated with maintenance operations discourage owners and managers from even carrying out preliminary inspection operations. This research aims to stimulate these stakeholders to carry out inspection operations regularly, highlighting their costs and benefits. In particular, working on a case study in Piedmont, the costs of visual inspections carried out in the traditional way are compared with those that would be incurred if unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) were used. Finally, the collateral benefits of inspections carried out with UAVs are highlighted.

scholarly journals Evaluation of efficiency of the Common Measures – measures for land accessibility, implemented within land consolidation

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 500-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Papoušek
Keyword(s):  
Land Consolidation ◽  
Ecological Stability ◽  
Rural Roads ◽  
Financial Flows ◽  
Investment Projects ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
General Benefit ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Cost

By the means of Land Consolidation is understood, in accord with law No. 139/2002 Coll., spending of funds on land consolidations and land offices, provided the accessibility of grounds in public interest. Land consolidations also ensure the conditions for improvement of the ecosystem, protection and reclamation of land resources, waterway management and the increase of the ecological stability of landscape. All mentioned measures are collectively called the Common Measures, rural roads being one of the most significant of these measures as far as the ground accessibility is concerned. According to the Ministry of Agriculture and the Central Land Office (MZe, ÚPÚ) statistics, for instance in 2008, over 707.4 million CZK was spent on the common measures projects from the public funds. Of this sum, 82 per cent was spent on financing of the land accessibility projects – rural roads and objects on them. The Cost & Benefit Analysis (CBA) method was applied. The analysis explains step by step what benefits the investment projects bring and to whom, as well as what and from whom it takes something away. Thus defined effects and impacts are aggregated, converted into financial flows and included in the calculation of criteria indicators. These calculations enable to make decision whether the concerned project is in its consequences generally contributive. There is a difficulty in the method – it is applied ex-ante, which usually leads to the exaggerated input parameters, which may be significantly affected by a number of variable effects (time factor, socio-economic impacts, inflation rate, etc.). The ex-post application of the method cannot be objectively used due to the absence of the statistically processed input data for the analysis. Such data must be collected during the operational period of the realized investments. This is caused by the fact that these analyses consider lifetime of these investments in terms of 25–30 years. The ÚPÚ statistics, however, say that the operational period of most of realized common measures has not reached one half of their lifetime yet. The ex-ante analysis enables to evaluate the possible difficulty and the general benefit of projects, including their impact on the broad spectrum of subjects.  

scholarly journals Optimal Time-Consistent Government Debt Maturity*

2016 ◽  
Vol 132 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davide Debortoli ◽  
Ricardo Nunes ◽  
Pierre Yared
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Government Debt ◽  
Debt Maturity ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Maturity Structure ◽  
The Government ◽  
Lack Of Commitment ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This article develops a model of optimal government debt maturity in which the government cannot issue state-contingent bonds and cannot commit to fiscal policy. If the government can perfectly commit, it fully insulates the economy against government spending shocks by purchasing short-term assets and issuing long-term debt. These positions are quantitatively very large relative to GDP and do not need to be actively managed by the government. Our main result is that these conclusions are not robust to the introduction of lack of commitment. Under lack of commitment, large and tilted debt positions are very expensive to finance ex ante since they exacerbate the problem of lack of commitment ex post. In contrast, a flat maturity structure minimizes the cost of lack of commitment, though it also limits insurance and increases the volatility of fiscal policy distortions. We show that the optimal time-consistent maturity structure is nearly flat because reducing average borrowing costs is quantitatively more important for welfare than reducing fiscal policy volatility. Thus, under lack of commitment, the government actively manages its debt positions and can approximate optimal policy by confining its debt instruments to consols.

scholarly journals Ex-post IR Dynamic Auctions with Cost-per-Action Payments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weiran Shen ◽  
Zihe Wang ◽  
Song Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Incentive Compatibility ◽  
Individual Rationality ◽  
Incentive Compatible ◽  
Dynamic Auctions ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Ad Auctions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
General Reduction

Motivated by online ad auctions, we consider a repeated auction between one seller and many buyers, where each buyer only has an estimation of her value in each period until she actually receives the item in that period. The seller is allowed to conduct a dynamic auction but must guarantee ex-post individual rationality. In this paper, we use a structure that we call credit accounts to enable a general reduction from any incentive compatible and ex-ante individual rational dynamic auction to an approximate incentive compatible and ex-post individually rational dynamic auction with credit accounts. Our reduction obtains stronger individual rationality guarantees at the cost of weaker incentive compatibility. Surprisingly, our reduction works without any common knowledge assumption. Finally, as a complement to our reduction, we prove that there is no non-trivial auction that is exactly incentive compatible and ex-post individually rational under this setting.

scholarly journals GOVERNMENT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION MEETING AND DOCTORS EQUALIZATION VALUES BASED ON JUSTICE (CASE STUDY IN DONGGALA REGENCY)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 226
Author(s):  
Edita Diana Tallupadang
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Medical Staff ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Current Medical ◽  
The Government ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Local Government Policy ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to know the construction of the implemen-tation of government policy in the fulfillment and distribution of current doctors; Obstacles to the implementation of government policies in the fulfillment and distribution of current medical staff; As well as the ideal reconstruction of local government policy in the fulfillment and equity of physicians based on the value of justice. The type of research used is the study of doctrinal law, the method of legal research conducted by examining the material legislation, library materials or secondary data. The approach of research conducted on the problems in this study using sociological juridical approach. The data in this research is analyzed by using qualitative method of descriptions. The results of this study are (1) Donggala District Government policy in meeting the needs of doctors in all districts of Donggala is by proposing through Central Sulawesi Provincial Health Office to obtain the quota of doctor of civil servant, PTT and doctor resident; (2) Constraints in the implementation of government policy in Fulfillment and even distribution of current medical staff are some doctors who have been placed pleading again to continue their education or move duties for following husband; and The ideal reconstruction of local government policy in the fulfillment and equity of physicians based on justice values is adjusted to the ratio and needs of the community, and plans to appoint physicians as non-permanent employees at the cost of local government. The Government of Donggala District can submit a Regent Regulation on the fulfillment and equity of doctors in Donggala District, as well as cooperation with private parties through private clinics and CSR improvement.

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