(Non)Participation in the Labour Market: Alternative Indicators and Estimates of Labour Reserve in United Kingdom Regions

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E Green ◽  
C Hasluck
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Training Schemes ◽  
The Unemployed

In the context of the continuance of mass high unemployment in the United Kingdom and considerable debate concerning the ‘real level’ of unemployment, the authors of this paper go beyond the official unemployment rate by focusing on the development of alternative indicators of labour reserve in the regions of the United Kingdom. They show how, on a step-by-step basis, successively ‘broader’ indicators of labour reserve (more specifically, those on government training schemes, various categories of those conventionally defined as economically inactive who would like a job, and those in part-time work because they could not find full-time employment) may be derived by means of data from the Labour Force Survey. They then go on to outline the key features of regional variations in the scope for additional labour-force participation. As labour supply is a dynamic concept, and the utilisation of the labour reserve implies transitions from unemployment and non-employment to employment, selected information on transitions between labour-market states and on the previous economic circumstances of the unemployed is presented. Some key features of the broad regional geography of those categorised as in employment, but ‘on the margins’ of the labour reserve, are highlighted also. Finally, the implications for policy of substantial labour reserves in many regions in the United Kingdom are explored.

scholarly journals Labour Markets and Wages in Australia in 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Jefferson ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Market Activity ◽  
Full Time Employment

The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 made it clear that traditional indicators of labour market activity such as headline unemployment, labour force participation and earnings in full-time employment can only partially explain the health of the labour market. In this article we argue the need for a nuanced approach that takes into fuller consideration issues related to hours of work and part-time earnings. Selected industry sectors show stark differences in labour market outcomes when these issues are examined.

scholarly journals Review of registration requirements for new part-time doctors in New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Leitch ◽  
Susan Dovey
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Medical Graduate ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Registration Period ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

INTRODUCTION: By the time medical students graduate many wish to work part-time while accommodating other lifestyle interests. AIM: To review flexibility of medical registration requirements for provisional registrants in New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Canada. METHODS: Internet-based review of registration bodies of each country, and each state or province in Australia and Canada, supplemented by emails and phone calls seeking clarification of missing or obscure information. RESULTS: Data from 20 regions were examined. Many similarities were found between study countries in their approaches to the registration of new doctors, although there are some regional differences. Most regions (65%) have a provisional registration period of one year. Extending this period was possible in 91% of regions. Part-time options were possible in 75% of regions. All regions required trainees to work in approved practice settings. DISCUSSION: Only the UK provided comprehensive documentation of their requirements in an accessible format and clearly explaining the options for part-time work. Australia appeared to be more flexible than other countries with respect to part- and full-time work requirements. All countries need to examine their registration requirements to introduce more flexibility wherever possible, as a strategy for addressing workforce shortages. KEYWORDS: Family practice; education, medical, graduate; government regulation

scholarly journals Does Vocational Education Give a Labour Market Advantage over the Whole Career? A Comparison of the United Kingdom and Switzerland

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maïlys Korber
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Vocational Education ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Compulsory Education ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
Hourly Wage ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
The United Kingdom

Research suggests that vocational education and training (VET) tends to reduce youth unemployment by providing them with specific skills, thus smoothing the transition from education to work. However, we still know relatively little aboutwhether vocational education provides higher employment rate and wages over the entire working trajectory than holders of lower education; after several years of experience, both groups may indeed have similar skills and thus similar situations in the labour market. We compare the situation in the United Kingdom and Switzerland, two countries that share a tradition of vocational education but differ in the specificity and standardisation of their VET system. Creating a pseudo-cohort with repeated rounds of the United Kingdom and Swiss labour force surveys, we use regression models and compare the employment rate and hourly wage of our two groups of interest: individuals with vocational education at the upper secondary level and individuals with no more than compulsory education. We find that VET graduates fare better in terms of both employment and wages over the whole career. This advantage is larger for women than men and, contrary to our hypothesis, larger in the United Kingdom than in Switzerland with respect to employment prospects.

Labour Market Gross Flows and Transition Rates 1980–1992

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth D. Leeves
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Transition Rates ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Principal Finding ◽  
Gross Flows ◽  
Full Time Employment

This paper examines the cyclical properties of gross flows and transition rates between the alternative labour market states of ‘employed’, ‘unemployed’, and ‘not in labour force’ for Australian workers for the period 1980–1992. The study is based on ABS monthly gross flow data, disaggregated by gender, and with the employment status disaggregated into part-time and full-time work. The principal finding is that the somewhat surprising pattern, of counter-cyclical monthly flows from unemployment to employment, is primarily the result of counter-cyclical male transitions to full time employment. The results are compared with those from European empirical studies. The paper also considers the consistency of the results with thé implications of theoretical models which emphasise the counter-cyclical ‘quality’ of the unemployment pool.

scholarly journals Dualisation versus targeting? Public transfers and poverty risks among the unemployed in Germany and Great Britain

2020 ◽  
pp. 000169932097474
Author(s):  
Jan Brülle
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Public Benefits ◽  
Public Transfers ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
The Unemployed

The paper analyses changes in the generosity of public transfers to the unemployed and their effectiveness for the alleviation of poverty risks in Germany and Great Britain between the 1990s and the 2000s. In the light of changing poverty risks among the unemployed, the contribution of policy changes is assessed using individual-level data on household incomes. The results indicate that the introduction and expansion of the tax credit programmes in Britain led to an increase of public transfers especially for those with low household market incomes and thereby also improved the effectiveness of transfers in combating poverty. In Germany, the generosity of transfers to the unemployed hardly changed over time, whereas the effectiveness of transfers to prevent households from falling into poverty declined. This can be explained by changes in the composition of the unemployed by recent labour force participation and household market incomes. As former labour market insiders are consistently better protected from poverty than former outsiders, the results confirm the stratified nature of unemployment protection in Germany, albeit no significant trend towards increasing dualisation in public benefits is found. Thus, the results do not support notions of a fundamental shift of the system of unemployment protection with respect to the generosity of transfers in Germany but emphasise the importance of changes in the German labour market.

scholarly journals A prospective analysis of labour market status and self-rated health in the United Kingdom and Russia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta G. Platts
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Health Decline ◽  
Market Status ◽  
Monitoring Survey ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
Labour Market Status

Comparing prospective data from the United Kingdom and Russia, this paper analyses whether the association of labour market status, and particularly unemployment, with subsequent health varies by the level of state protection provided to the unemployed. While the UK’s unemployment welfare regime is classified as providing minimal protection, the Russian regime is sub-protective. Employing Cox duration analysis upon data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey and the British Household Panel Survey for the period 2000–2007, this study finds that labour market status and economic circumstances independently predicted individual-level declines in self-rated health and, contrary to expectations, the associations of unemployment with health decline were similarly sized in the two countries.

scholarly journals COVID-19 and the Australian labour market: how did older Australians fare during 2020?

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-42
Author(s):  
Jane Fry ◽  
Jeromey Temple ◽  
Peter McDonald ◽  
Alysia Blackham
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Older Workers ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Job Seekers ◽  
Hours Worked ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Public And Private Sector

Background   In analysing the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market, attention has focussed on younger people, leaving a research gap when it comes to outcomes for older Australians aged 50 years or over, in terms of employment, unemployment, underemployment and hours worked. Aims   To describe levels of labour force participation, unemployment, underemployment, and hours worked by older workers and job seekers during 2020. Data and methods   Using Australian Bureau of Statistics data, we perform descriptive analyses of variations in labour market outcomes by geographic areas, public and private sector employment, industry of employment and demographic characteristics. Results   Older employment fell in April but recovered by December. As the full-time share initially increased, average hours worked decreased due to reductions in hours offered to workers, increasing the underemployment rate. There was little recovery of employment in metropolitan Melbourne due to prolonged lockdown conditions. Of the largest industries, retail trade and manufacturing were worst affected. Conclusions   By December 2020, employment levels for older workers in some sectors had recovered from the initial downturn caused by the pandemic. However, for older workers in some industries, there is a major concern about their potential for future employment.

Why Is Female Labour Force Participation So Low in India?

Urbanisation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. S40-S57
Author(s):  
Deepaboli Chatterjee ◽  
Neelanjan Sircar
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Urban Employment ◽  
Agricultural Employment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Impact

In this article, we analyse the reasons for low female labour force participation (FLFP) across approximately 14,000 households in the Indian urban clusters of Dhanbad, Indore, Patna and Varanasi. We argue that expectations placed upon women to carry out household duties generate incentives for them to largely seek part-time work near their homes, due to what we term as flexibility and proximity of work. While this characterises most agricultural employment, this is not true of urban employment. Using this framework, we argue that requirements to travel large distances for most jobs put prohibitive costs on women entering the labour market. To empirically test our claims, we conduct a survey experiment on the female respondents who are currently unemployed in our sample to elicit labour market preferences. Our results are striking—women are 12 to 23 percentage points less likely to express a preference for a suitable job if they have to travel one hour to work. The magnitude of these effects is far greater than the impact of the primary wage earner of the household losing their job or other family members assisting the woman in household duties. We conclude the article by discussing the implications for policy.

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