Searching for the Elusive Aggregation Effect: Evidence from Statistical Simulations

1995 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
C G Amrhein
Keyword(s):  
Regression Coefficients ◽  
Spatial Process ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
The Past ◽  
Aggregation Effect ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Correlation Statistics ◽  
New Evidence

The past few years have seen a resurging interest in the modifiable areal unit problem, or aggregation effects. The new evidence, however, both supports and conflicts with previous work. This paper represents the first stage in a series of numerical experiments designed to explore the nature and extent of scale and zonation effects. Results from a series of carefully controlled statistical simulations are reported. It is concluded that there definitely are aggregation effects separate from effects that can be attributed to changing the definition of the spatial process. These effects, however, vary with the statistic calculated. Means and variances are resistant to aggregation effects, whereas regression coefficients and correlation statistics exhibit dramatic effects. In summary, the world of spatial analysis as it relates to the modifiable areal unit problem is not entirely well-behaved, but neither is it completely random and ill-defined.

GREEN ECONOMIC MODEL: PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Елена Александровна Тарханова
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Economic Model ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

За последние двадцать лет в мире сформировалась концепция «зеленой» экономики, которая соединила в себе комплексную увязку двух ключевых компонентов: экономического и экологического. Такая модель экономики должна способствовать более гармоничному согласованию между этими компонентами, которое было бы уместно для всех государств. В статье изучены предпосылки становления и развития «зеленой» экономической модели. Проведено исследование подходов международных организаций к определению понятия «зеленая» экономика. Over the past twenty years, the concept of a "green" economy has emerged in the world, which combines a complex alignment of two key components: economic and environmental. Such an economic model should contribute to a more harmonious harmonization between these components, which would be appropriate for all groups of countries. The article studies the prerequisites for the formation and development of a "green" economic model. A study of the approaches of national and international organizations to the definition of the concept of "green" economy.

scholarly journals Contemporary understanding of the spiritual message of the Kosovo myth

2019 ◽  
pp. 313-325
Author(s):  
Borislav Grozdic ◽  
Valerija Dabetic
Keyword(s):  
Collective Identity ◽  
Historical Consciousness ◽  
Value System ◽  
National Integration ◽  
Common Value ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spiritual Community ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of

In the aggressive dominance of critical rational thinking over the mythical worldview, myth as a historical and effective force does not lose its actuality and importance, because myths often hide deeper messages than what history can offer. In such a social context, the significance of the spiritual message of the Kosovo myth - the commitment to the Heavenly Kingdom, as a lasting common value of the Serbian people, returns as a theme. In spite of its omnipresence, the opinion prevails that the myth belongs to the past, and if it is not yet obsolete, it certainly should be. The authors advocate the idea that myth, as a comprehensive experience of the world, and therefore the Kosovo myth as well, is a factor of national integration, a part of collective identity, and a common value system. Analysing the secular and spiritual understanding of the Kosovo myth, the authors point out the importance of the vivid memory of the prince Lazar?s commitment to the Heavenly Kingdom. For Christians, this represents the value and goal above all others and it forms the core of the Serbian historical consciousness and spiritual community. The paper shows that the spiritual message of the Kosovo myth is not understood or it is misunderstood nowadays, since the commitment to Kosovo is perceived as a call and an obligation to die for it. The authors conclude that the Kosovo myth is not a call to die in the war, on the contrary, it is a struggle for external and internal freedom, as well as for the highest values that are implied by the definition of the Heavenly Kingdom ? peace, love, honour, justice, dignity, and others.

Curatorial Expeditions: The Ramallah Safari

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Sherwell
Keyword(s):  
The Past ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
The World ◽  
Stuart Hall ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of

The last twenty-five years have witnessed significant transformation in the geopolitics of Palestinian art.[2] From the outset, we need to consider a definition of Palestinian art by recognizing that it is not art that is specifically created in one place, but that, owing to the history of dispossession and diaspora, Palestinian artists can be found all over the world. Therefore, Palestinian art necessarily starts from multiple sites of enunciation and is inevitably influenced by site and location. As Stuart Hall suggests, “identities are the names we give to the different ways we are positioned by, position ourselves within, the narratives of the past.”[3] For the purposes of this paper, I will mainly be focusing on the art of Palestinians from the Occupied Territories, while touching on the production of artists based in various other locations around the globe. I will first provide some context to the development of art practices, before specifically going on to speak about curatorial practices in relation to how the work of Palestinian artists is curated by international curators.

scholarly journals Halal entrepreneurship from Maqasid-al-Sharia’h perspective: inseparable concept for Halalpreneurs

Food Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (S1) ◽  
pp. 34-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.A. Abdullah ◽  
M.S.E. Azam
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
The Past ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Conference Papers

Entrepreneurship has become one of the vital activities for economic development. It is synonymous with job creation, innovation, improvement in the societal well-being and economic growth in developed and developing countries alike. There is great interest in entrepreneurship globally as well as in Malaysia. Over the past few years, many individuals, as well as families, are actively engaged with the small business. Also, in light of the 2013 GEM study, 12.7% of Americans are effectively occupied with beginning a business or are the proprietor/director of a business that is under three years of age. Simultaneously, the Halal industry, that represents the global Islamic economy, is the fastest-growing market in the world with $2.3 trillion market value. Halal entrepreneurs (Halalpreneurs) are the major contributors to this achievement as they constitute a significant portion of the total establishment in most of the Muslim countries. That is the reason Entrepreneurship has turned into a conventional term that depicts a wide range of practices that include being innovative, devilish and tricky. Entrepreneurship has been defined by many scholars, researchers, industry players, and academicians globally which have also been perceived in the same way by most of the economies around the world. However, the Islamic economy looks at the concept of ‘entrepreneurship’ in a different way and perceives it as ‘Halalpreneurship’. To define entrepreneurship in the halal industry, although, the term ‘Halalpreneurship’ is being used, surprisingly the term has not been defined properly yet. It is essential for the Muslim entrepreneurs to have a proper understanding of Halalpreneurship from Maqasid-al-Shariah perspective. Such point of view is crucial to justify the term in the Halal industry and differentiate from conventional entrepreneurs. On this context, this paper provides concept and definition of Halalpreneurship justifying from the perspective of Maqasid-al-Sharia’h. It also identifies the differences between Halalpreneurs and entrepreneurs using secondary resources available in the forms of literature, research papers, journal papers, articles, conference papers, online publications, etc. The findings of the study will clarify the concept of Halalpreneurship from Maqasid-al-Sharia’h perspective and recognize Halalpreneurs distinguished from conventional entrepreneurs.

Reimagining Community Past and Present in Ezra and Nehemiah

2018 ◽  
pp. 275-289
Author(s):  
Melody D. Knowles
Keyword(s):  
Persian Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Working Through ◽  
The World ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Social Markers ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Temple

As the books of Ezra and Nehemiah employ literary modes and genres to reconstruct the past, they construct and promote a distinct definition of community. The variety of modes and genres perform literary functions such as characterization and plot development even as they enact ideological ones by promoting attitudes about key social markers. Working through sections of the books in order, this chapter examines the modes of direct, dramatic, and documentary narrative in connection with genres such as prayer, list, genealogy, and “memoir,” to see the ways in which the books construe their religion and their community anew in the Persian period. The accounts of the rebuilding of the temple and wall construct a vision of the Diaspora community working together with Yehud, supported by their powerful God who is using the Persian imperium to enact the divine way in the world.

Development and Devastation

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Roy
Keyword(s):  
Single Image ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Cause And Effect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
The World ◽  
Industrial Civilization ◽  
Visual Artist ◽  
Definition Of

Quebec visual artist Isabelle Hayeur has become known internationally over the past decade for a body of photographic and video work that deals mostly in pseudorealistic landscapes of man-made desolation and devastation, created by the digital photomanipulation of visual evidence of the entropy generated by “development.” Collapsing time and space, cause and effect, visible power and its hidden costs in a single image, she subtly conflates seemingly contradictory aspects of industrial civilization (construction/destruction, spectacle/invisible, power/refuse) in deadpan epics of tragic irony characterized by a disenchanted sublime. Heidegger’s concept of the gigantic helps elucidate this paradox; his definition of modernity as “the conquest of the world as picture” is used here to understand the dark spectacle of its development in terms of the photographic medium itself in a sample of Hayeur’s work since 2008.

scholarly journals The Issue of Genre in Pekić's Early Opus

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Pticina
Keyword(s):  
Central Point ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
New Jerusalem ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Definition Of

The paper presents the analysis of genre definition of Pekić’s prose. Genre definition of the prose work The time of miracles is mainly analysed and explained, which theoreticians define differently, determining it as a chain, stories, but also as a novel. The analysis of the corpus, that is, the works The time of miracles and New Jerusalem is conducted through the prism of Bakhtin’s theory on the novel, with a brief resistance of Lukacs’ theory to Bakhtin’s when it comes to the analysis of Pekić’s prose. After the explanation of the characterisation of The time of miracles as a novel, we deal with chronotope, as genre definition, where the most common chronotopes that we encounter in Pekić’s prose are indicated. The novelties that Pekić brings to Serbian literature are reflected in one complete novelistic image, a parallel world, documented by historical sources, the witness’ stories, archeological sites. Generally speaking, the central point of his work is occupied by problematising man’s position in the world in general – so, also in the past, present, but in the future as well. And precisely that and such his relation towards culture and existence – erudite, problematising, predictive, revealing – is “analogous to the correlations between chronotope within the work“ (Bakhtin, 1989, p. 386).

scholarly journals Aesthetics of Tashteer in the Arabian Poem between the Past and the Present

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-166
Author(s):  
Najiya Hussein Al-Tuhami
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Practical Aspect ◽  
Material Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Notion ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Universe

Survival and advancement of nations is attributed to their literatures. This is because literatures enable individuals to transcend the material life and be able to visualize the noble meanings and the world of aesthetics. Indeed, a language is the best level of describing self and others as it does not originate from the ego, but rather from the laws of the universe and existence. Moreover, it is not only a lexicon, but also a combination of words, indications, gestures, spaces, and imagery. It is, hence, possible to realize the significance of poetry as a definition of all the previous elements. Tashteer is a type of poetic art where a poet does not invent a new idea but rather adopts the idea of poetry by another poet. The poet follows the meter and rhyme set by the original poet, and thus is not allowed much space for creating a purpose apart from the original one. Therefore, a poet is confined to the predefined purpose and notion in terms of grammatical, syntactic and semantic aspects. The paper focuses on the study of the art of Tashteer of poet Ali al-Deeb who performed Tashteer on the poet of Abi Firaas (Araaka `Asaiyya al-Dam`). The study aims to introduce the art of Tashteer by addressing its practical aspect. The study also uses the descriptive analytical approach to illustrate the strength points of Mushatir (a poet performing Tashteer) and compare his poet with the original one in terms of serving the concept. The study comprises two parts; Part one is for defining the art of Tashteer in the Arabian poetry. Part two includes the analytical study of the poetry under Tashteer. The study concluded several findings including: al-Deeb clearly comprehended the purposes that Abi Firaas had in his poetry. Thus, he was able to have hold of the main notion of the text both linguistically and semantically. He was even able to penetrate into some of the lines and reveal the thoughts.

The Integration of Development and Evangelism

1998 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
James W. Gustafson
Keyword(s):  
Word Of God ◽  
Organizational System ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
World Community ◽  
The Past ◽  
Crisis Of Faith ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
World Mission ◽  
The Church

Although the rhetoric relating to the importance of both evangelism and development in the world mission of the church has been rich over the past few decades, little has been actually done by the evangelical world community to implement the implications of this discussion. Obstacles that have prevented the integration of evangelism and development have been numerous: A narrow understanding of evangelism; a secular definition of development; a crisis of faith (focus on law versus grace); and a cultural insensitivity, to mention a few. There are some efforts being made, however, to integrate both evangelism and development in the work of the church. A case in point is the work of the Issaan Development Foundation, the Institute for Sustainable Development and the Thailand Covenant Church in Thailand over the past few decades. Some basic principles held by this integrated ministry are the authority of the Word of God, a focus on integrating all of life by the grace of God, a flexible organizational system, contextualization of all areas of ministry, power encounter between the values of the gospel and those of society, a focus on the local church, and a process/broker approach to ministry.

scholarly journals Downscaling livestock census data using multivariate predictive models: sensitivity to modifiable areal unit problem

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniele Da Re ◽  
Marius Gilbert ◽  
Celia Chaiban ◽  
Pierre Bourguignon ◽  
Weerapong Thanapongtharm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Spatial Clustering ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Modifiable Areal Unit Problem ◽  
Areal Unit ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
Correlation Statistics

AbstractThe analysis of census data aggregated by administrative units introduces a statistical bias known as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). Previous researches have mostly assessed the effect of MAUP on upscaling models. The present study contributes to clarify the effects of MAUP on the downscaling methodologies, highlighting how a priori scales and shapes choices could influence the results. We aggregated chicken and duck fine-resolution census in Thailand, using three administrative census levels in regular and irregular shapes. We then disaggregated the data within the Gridded Livestock of the World analytical framework, sampling predictors in two different ways. A sensitivity analysis on Pearson’s r correlation statistics and RMSE were carried out to understand how size and shapes of the response variables affect the goodness-of-fit and downscaling performances. We showed that scale, rather than shapes and sampling methods, affected downscaling precision, suggesting that training the model using the finest administrative level available is preferable. Moreover, datasets showing non-homogeneus distribution but instead spatial clustering seemed less affected by MAUP, yielding higher Pearson’s r values and lower RMSE compared to a more spatially homogenous dataset. Implementing aggregation sensitivity analysis in spatial studies could help to interpret complex results and disseminate robust products.

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