Strategy and Structure: Corporate Restructuring and the Scope and Characteristics of Sunk Costs

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
G L Clark
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Corporate Strategy ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Corporate Control ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Industrial Restructuring ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Corporate Form ◽  
The Relationship

Most studies of industrial restructuring and regional adjustment are focused upon the local consequences or causes of restructuring. Few studies are focused upon corporate strategy, an essential ingredient for a better understanding of the motive forces behind restructuring. This paper is an attempt to redress the balance, beginning with the relationship between structure (the inherited configuration of production) and strategy (the design and implementation of restructuring). As part of this analysis, three types of strategy are distinguished: structure-dependent, structure-limited, and structure-focused strategies. To appreciate better the connection between the choice of strategy and corporate form, a series of models of corporate control are developed that distinguish between ownership and management. These preliminary arguments are then used to analyse the scope of sunk costs—that portion of fixed costs which are non-recoverable. To illustrate the scope of the framework used, recent examples of restructuring from northeast Asia and North America are interpreted in the light of the analytical model.

Interdecadal shift of the relationship between ENSO and winter synoptic temperature variability over the Asian–Pacific–American region in the 1980s

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
Yuntao Jian ◽  
Marco Y. T. Leung ◽  
Wen Zhou ◽  
Maoqiu Jian ◽  
Song Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Temperature Gradient ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Interdecadal Shift ◽  
Asian Pacific American ◽  
Asian Pacific ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
American Region

AbstractIn this study, the interdecadal variability of the relationship between ENSO and winter synoptic temperature variability (STV) over the Asian-Pacific-American region is investigated based on observational data from 1951 to 2018. An interdecadal shift in the ENSO-STV relationship occurred in the 1980s over Eastern China, changing from significant in Period 1 (P1, 1951-1987) to insignificant in Period 2 (P2, 1988-2018). But the ENSO-STV relationship is significantly stable over North America for the whole period. In addition, a possible reason for this interdecadal shift in the ENSO-STV relationship over Eastern China is also investigated. During P1, the ENSO pattern is significantly correlated to the temperature gradient over Northeast Asia, which is the key region influencing the intensification of extratropical eddies. The intensification of extratropical eddies over Northeast Asia is directly associated with the magnitude of STV over Eastern China. But in P2, the ENSO pattern is not related to the temperature over Northeast Asia. Therefore, the change in the ENSO pattern from P1 to P2 contributes to the interdecadal shift in the ENSO-STV relationship in the 1980s over Eastern China by influencing the temperature gradient over Northeast Asia, while ENSO can influence the temperature gradient over North America for the whole period. Furthermore, the possible role of the ENSO patterns in P1 and P2 is also examined by using an atmospheric general circulation model, highlighting that the pattern of SST variation is a determining factor in regulating STV in different regions.

scholarly journals The Chloroplast Phylogenomics and Systematics of Zoysia (Poaceae)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1517
Author(s):  
Se-Hwan Cheon ◽  
Min-Ah Woo ◽  
Sangjin Jo ◽  
Young-Kee Kim ◽  
Ki-Joong Kim
Keyword(s):  
Northeast Asia ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Rrna Genes ◽  
Bootstrap Support ◽  
Trna Genes ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Simple Sequence

The genus Zoysia Willd. (Chloridoideae) is widely distributed from the temperate regions of Northeast Asia—including China, Japan, and Korea—to the tropical regions of Southeast Asia. Among these, four species—Zoysia japonica Steud., Zoysia sinica Hance, Zoysia tenuifolia Thiele, and Zoysia macrostachya Franch. & Sav.—are naturally distributed in the Korean Peninsula. In this study, we report the complete plastome sequences of these Korean Zoysia species (NCBI acc. nos. MF953592, MF967579~MF967581). The length of Zoysia plastomes ranges from 135,854 to 135,904 bp, and the plastomes have a typical quadripartite structure, which consists of a pair of inverted repeat regions (20,962~20,966 bp) separated by a large (81,348~81,392 bp) and a small (12,582~12,586 bp) single-copy region. In terms of gene order and structure, Zoysia plastomes are similar to the typical plastomes of Poaceae. The plastomes encode 110 genes, of which 76 are protein-coding genes, 30 are tRNA genes, and four are rRNA genes. Fourteen genes contain single introns and one gene has two introns. Three evolutionary hotspot spacer regions—atpB~rbcL, rps16~rps3, and rpl32~trnL-UAG—were recognized among six analyzed Zoysia species. The high divergences in the atpB~rbcL spacer and rpl16~rpl3 region are primarily due to the differences in base substitutions and indels. In contrast, the high divergence between rpl32~trnL-UAG spacers is due to a small inversion with a pair of 22 bp stem and an 11 bp loop. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were identified in 59 different locations in Z. japonica, 63 in Z. sinica, 62 in Z. macrostachya, and 63 in Z. tenuifolia plastomes. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Zoysia (Zoysiinae) forms a monophyletic group, which is sister to Sporobolus (Sporobolinae), with 100% bootstrap support. Within the Zoysia clade, the relationship of (Z. sinica, Z japonica), (Z. tenuifolia, Z. matrella), (Z. macrostachya, Z. macrantha) was suggested.

Historical and phenological observations on the spread of Chaenorrhinum minus across North America

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. Widrlechner
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Rapid Onset ◽  
Herbarium Specimens ◽  
Reproductive Maturity ◽  
Phenological Data ◽  
Dispersal Mechanism ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
The Relationship

Through a review of floristic and taxonomic literature and an examination of over 1500 herbarium specimens, this report documents the rapid spread of Chaenorrhinum minus (L.) Lange along railroads across North America. The relationship between C. minus and railroads is described and phenological data on flowering and fruiting are presented. The combination of an effective dispersal mechanism and the rapid onset of reproductive maturity contributes to the species' adaptive success.

Fixed Costs, Sunk Costs, Entry Barriers, and Sustainability of Monopoly

1981 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 405 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Baumol ◽  
Robert D. Willig
Keyword(s):  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Entry Barriers ◽  
Fixed Costs

scholarly journals [Ir]rationality, Happiness, and Benefit-Cost Analysis: Introduction to the Special Issue

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa A. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
Societal Welfare ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Behavioral economics and happiness research have many important implications for the conduct of benefit-cost analysis as well as for policy design and implementation. By identifying ways in which we may act irrationally and providing new perspectives on the relationship between our circumstances and our sense of well-being, this research raises numerous questions regarding the evaluation of individual and societal welfare and the desirability of alternative policies. In this special issue, we present a series of articles that explore these concerns and provide significant new insights.

Does Civil Society Matter? Governance in Contemporary India

2006 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
Reeta Chowdhari Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
North America ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Actual Case ◽  
The North ◽  
Fresh Perspective ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Conceptualization

Does Civil Society Matter? Governance in Contemporary India, Rajesh Tandon and Ranjita Mohanty, eds., New Delhi: Thousand Oaks, London: Sage Publications, 2003, pp. 363.In the last decade in North America, there has been an explosion of books on the subject of civil society. Like so many other concepts in contemporary political science, the notion of civil society has been imported to analyze other polities outside the North American hemisphere, and India is no exception. However, Tandon and Mohanty's edited book presents a fresh perspective by combining academic analysis with that of on-the-ground practitioners to examine the relationship between civil society and governance. The book is divided into two parts: the first deals with the theoretical conceptualization of civil society and the second with actual case studies.

Modeling the relationship between corporate strategy and wealth creation using neural networks

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1077-1092 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caron H.St. John ◽  
Nagraj Balakrishnan ◽  
James O. Fiet
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Corporate Strategy ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals The Importance of Health in Promoting Employability in the East Midlands

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Beck ◽  
Martin Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Personal Characteristic ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Industrial Restructuring ◽  
Economic Context ◽  
East Midlands ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Employment ◽  
Broad Framework ◽  
The Unemployed ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyses the relationship between health and employability in the context of the East Midlands, a high employment region with a history of manufacturing and coal mining, though both sectors’ importance has declined due to considerable industrial restructuring. It is argued that the health of the unemployed and economically inactive cannot be considered without an understanding of such contextual factors. Gender, age, the socio-economic context and other external factors are key to the complex relationship between health and employability. Within a broad framework of employability, health is not merely a personal characteristic. The paper argues for more qualitative research into employability and health to establish what factors influence the relationship.

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