Chain Image and Store-Choice Modeling: The Effects of Income and Race

1993 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Fotheringham ◽  
R Trew
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Store Choice ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Store Location ◽  
Low Income Consumers

Addressed in this paper is the lack of understanding of the extent to which the image of a store can affect store selection and of the extent to which this image varies across market segments. The subject of the analysis is the choice of supermarkets for major grocery shopping, and image is here measured by the chain to which a supermarket belongs. Evidence is presented through the use of descriptive statistics from a sample of consumers and through several store-choice model calibrations that chain image is an important determinant of store choice. In the particular data set employed, chain image is at least as important as store size and store competition. Evidence is presented on the effects of peoples' income and race on their store selection. Differences are found in chain image both across income groups and across racial groups. Differences are also reported in distance deterrence across income groups, although in the opposite direction to common belief. It appears that low-income consumers are willing to travel further for grocery shopping, ceteris paribus, probably to take advantage of lower prices. Higher income consumers may be unwilling to spend the extra time involved to shop at the stores with the lowest prices and therefore give up low prices for the sake of convenience. The general conclusion from the results presented here is that intrinsic differences in store-choice behavior exist across different groups of consumers and that analyzing store location accurately demands knowledge of such differences.

scholarly journals Inequity under Equality: Research on the Benefits Equity of Chinese Basic Medical Insurance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Diao ◽  
Yiwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
High Income ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Basic Medical Insurance ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Basic Medical

Abstract Background: The pursuit of equity is one of the basic principles behind the strengthening of health care reform. China's new rural cooperative medical insurance (NRCMI) and urban residents' basic medical insurance (URBMI) are both “equalized” in terms of fundraising and reimbursement. This paper studies the benefits equity under this "equalized" system.Methods: The data analysed in this paper are from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014 to 2016, implemented by the Institute of Social Science Survey at Peking University. A two-part model and a binary choice model are used in the empirical test.Results: The empirical test revealed that high-income people benefit more from basic medical insurance than low-income people. Mechanism analysis demonstrated that high-income people have higher medical insurance applicability and can utilize better health care. Since low-income people are unhealthier, inequity in benefits exacerbates health inequity. We also found that the benefits equity of URBMI is better than that of NRCMI.Conclusions: The government needs to pay more attention to the issue of medical insurance inequity. We should consider allowing different income groups to pay different premiums according to their medical expenses or applying different reimbursement policies for different income groups.

scholarly journals Et ve Süt Kurumunun Sözleşmeli Kırmızı Et Satış Politikasının Tüketiciler Boyutunda Değerlendirilmesi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 2339-2347
Author(s):  
Adnan Çiçek ◽  
Merve Ayyıldız ◽  
Didem Doğar
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Logit Model ◽  
Red Meat ◽  
Price Stability ◽  
City Center ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Low Income Consumers

Meat and Milk Institution is implementing red meat sales through grocery chains in order to ensure stability in red meat prices in Turkey. In this study in order to evaluate the effectiveness of this policy from the perspective of consumers, data set obtained from 388 households in Gaziantep city center was used. According to the findings, it has been determined that 53.6% of consumers prefer contracted markets due to the suitability of red meat prices. Initially, all consumers bought red meat from contracted markets, but it was found that 62.11% of them gave up buying red meat from these markets. This situation was found to be quite remarkable and logit model was used to determine the factors affecting the continuity of red meat purchase of households from contracted markets. According to the Logit model results, it was observed that households buying red meat from the contracted markets were affected by the variables that they are care about the price of red meat, income and frequency of shopping at these markets. As a result, it can be stated that this policy implemented by the ESK is aimed at selling red meat to low-income consumers rather than providing price stability and does not have a demand increasing effect.

scholarly journals Inequity under Equality: Research on the Benefits Equity of Chinese Basic Medical Insurance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Diao ◽  
Yiwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
High Income ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Basic Medical Insurance ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Basic Medical

Abstract Background: The pursuit of equity is one of the basic principles behind the strengthening of health care reform. China's new rural cooperative medical insurance (NRCMI) and urban residents' basic medical insurance (URBMI) are both “equalized” in terms of fundraising and reimbursement. This paper studies the benefits equity under this "equalized" system.Methods: The data analysed in this paper are from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014 to 2016, implemented by the Institute of Social Science Survey at Peking University. A two-part model and a binary choice model are used in the empirical test.Results: The empirical test revealed that high-income people benefit more from basic medical insurance than low-income people. Mechanism analysis demonstrated that high-income people have higher medical insurance applicability and can utilize better health care. Since low-income people are unhealthier, inequity in benefits exacerbates health inequity. We also found that the benefits equity of URBMI is better than that of NRCMI.Conclusions: The government needs to pay more attention to the issue of medical insurance inequity. We should consider allowing different income groups to pay different premiums according to their medical expenses or applying different reimbursement policies for different income groups.

scholarly journals The Potential for Healthy Checkout Policies to Advance Nutrition Equity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Falbe ◽  
Justin S White ◽  
Desiree M Sigala ◽  
Anna H. H Grummon ◽  
Sarah E Solar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Alaska Native ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Sweetened Beverages ◽  
Sociodemographic Correlates ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Low Income Consumers

Background: As the only place in a store where all customers must pass through and wait, the checkout lane may be particularly influential over consumer purchases. Because most foods and beverages sold at checkout are unhealthy (e.g., candy/sweets, sugar-sweetened beverages, and salty snacks), policymakers and advocates have expressed growing interest in healthy checkout policies. To understand the extent to which such policies could improve nutrition equity, we as-sessed the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of purchasing items from checkout. Methods: We assessed self-reported checkout purchasing and sociodemographic characteristics in a national convenience sample of adults (n=10,348) completing an online survey in 2021. Re-sults: Over one-third (36%) of participants reported purchasing foods or drinks from checkout during their last grocery shopping trip. Purchasing items from checkout was more common among men; adults <55 years of age; low-income consumers; Hispanic, non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaska Native, and non-Hispanic Black consumers; those with at least a bachelor’s degree; parents; and consumers diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or pre-diabetes (p-values<0.05). Conclusions: Purchasing foods or beverages from store checkouts is common and more prevalent among low-income and racial and ethnic minority groups. These results suggest that healthy checkout policies have the potential to improve nutrition equity.

Is nutritional status associated with income growth? Evidence from Chinese adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-525
Author(s):  
Yang Gao ◽  
Zhihao Zheng ◽  
Shida R. Henneberry
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Income Growth ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Income Elasticities ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rural Adults

PurposeThis study estimates the income elasticities of calorie, macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein and fat) and key micronutrients including cholesterol, vitamin A, vitamin C, sodium, potassium, calcium, iron, zinc and insoluble fiber separately for urban and rural adults aged 18–60, using China Health and Nutrition Survey data set from 2004 to 2011.Design/methodology/approachA semiparametric model, a two-way fixed-effects model and a quantile regression approach are employed to estimate nutrient–income elasticities.FindingsThe income elasticities of calorie, protein, fat, cholesterol and calcium are in the range of 0.059–0.076, 0.059–0.076, 0.090–0.112, 0.134–0.230, 0.183–0.344 and 0.058–0.105, respectively. The income elasticity of each of the other nutrients is less than 0.1. The income elasticities of calorie and the majority of nutrients included are larger for rural residents than for urban residents and for low-income groups than for medium- and high-income groups. Overall, in spite of having a relatively small impact, income growth is shown to still have an impact on improving the nutritional status of Chinese adults.Originality/valueThis study estimates nutrient–income elasticities separately for urban and rural adults, expanding the scope of the study regarding the impact of income on the nutritional status in China. Moreover, this study uses a pooled sample generated from the personal food consumption records covering foods consumed at home and away from home during 2004–2011, which is thus likely to more comprehensively reveal the causal relationship between income growth and changes in the nutritional status in China.

scholarly journals Inequity under Equality: Research on the Benefits Equity of Chinese Basic Medical Insurance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Diao ◽  
Yiwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
High Income ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Basic Medical Insurance ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Basic Medical

Abstract Background: The pursuit of equity is one of the basic principles behind the strengthening of health care reform. China's new rural cooperative medical insurance (NRCMI) and urban residents' basic medical insurance (URBMI) are both “equalized” in terms of fundraising and reimbursement. This paper studies the benefits equity under this "equalized" system.Methods: The data analysed in this paper are from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014 to 2016, implemented by the Institute of Social Science Survey at Peking University. A two-part model and a binary choice model are used in the empirical test.Results: The empirical test revealed that high-income people benefit more from basic medical insurance than low-income people. Mechanism analysis demonstrated that high-income people have higher medical insurance applicability and can utilize better health care. Since low-income people are unhealthier, inequity in benefits exacerbates health inequity. We also found that the benefits equity of URBMI is better than that of NRCMI.Conclusions: The government needs to pay more attention to the issue of medical insurance inequity. We should consider allowing different income groups to pay different premiums according to their medical expenses or applying different reimbursement policies for different income groups.

scholarly journals Food Access in the Age of Online Grocery: An Evaluation of Current Retail Trends and Their Potential to Alleviate Food Deserts in the U.S.

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-62
Author(s):  
Halley Rose Meslin
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Food Access ◽  
The United States ◽  
Food Desert ◽  
Grocery Shopping ◽  
Pilot Program ◽  
Access Barriers ◽  
Assistance Program ◽  
Low Income Consumers ◽  
Current Practices

Online grocery shopping is growing rapidly and has been heralded as a potential solution to food insecurity. Supermarkets are increasing their online presence, and some have joined the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) pilot program aimed at increasing online grocery access among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants. Although both the growth of the online grocery industry and the launch of the USDA pilot program are steps in the right direction for greater food access, it is worth asking how these initiatives will address food access among low-income consumers. This paper aims to answer the following questions: does online grocery shopping reduce or eliminate food access barriers for low-income consumers? Does it introduce new barriers? Does online grocery shopping have the potential to reshape the definition of a food desert? Using Hilary Shaw’s (2006) categorization of food access barriers—ability, asset, attitude—as a framework, online grocery shopping motivations were reviewed, and a case study on current practices at Kroger, Wal-Mart, and Amazon Fresh was conducted. The results suggested that none of the retailers’ current practices significantly reduce the barriers that low-income consumers are likely to experience when trying to shop online. Although the online channel eliminates the physical barrier of having to carry groceries, it in turn introduces new barriers, such as sensory risk aversion to buying perishables online, the necessity of possessing relevant technological skills, and having access to a computer. This paper proposes a new term, “digital food desert,” to define (1) a community without access to online grocery due to infrastructure constraints, or (2) a community with access to online grocery, but whose market manifests the conditions of a physical food desert online.

Distribution regimes and redistribution effects during retrenchment and crisis: A cui bono analysis of unemployment replacement rates of various income categories in 31 welfare states

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 433-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Detlef Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Western Mediterranean ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
High Income ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Current Economic Crisis ◽  
Eastern European Countries

This article analyses redistribution effects during retrenchment and crisis in 31 welfare states using a new data set from a refined analysis of unemployment replacement rates of low-, middle- and high-income levels (Comparative Welfare Entitlements Dataset 2 (CWED2)). Starting by identifying four distribution regimes before the economic crisis, the analysis shows that these regimes determine the redistribution of unemployment benefits during the period of retrenchment. As expected, equality-oriented capitalism redistributes in favour of the low-income levels and status-oriented and competitiveness-oriented capitalism have no redistribution effects. More interesting is the redistribution effect of a fourth regime type which favours high-income groups and which is present in both Western (Mediterranean) and Central and Eastern European countries. Another intriguing finding is that – with some notable exceptions – the period of retrenchment has been characterized by sparing the low-income groups from severe cuts. This has changed in the current economic crisis where this group has experienced severe cuts in their benefits. The reaction to the crisis is also more strongly determined by immediate needs and is not as well explained by the distribution regimes.

scholarly journals Inequity under Equality: Research on the Benefits Equity of Chinese Basic Medical Insurance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Diao ◽  
Yiwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Medical Insurance ◽  
High Income ◽  
Mechanism Analysis ◽  
Basic Medical Insurance ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Basic Medical

Abstract Background: Insisting on equity is one of the basic principles behind deepening health care reform. China's new rural cooperative medical insurance (NRCMI) and urban residents' basic medical insurance (URBMI) are both “equalized” in fundraising and reimbursement. This paper studies the benefits of equity under such "equalized" system designation. Methods: The data analysed in this paper are from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) from 2014 to 2016, implemented by the Institute of Social Science Survey at Peking University. A two-part model and a binary choice model are used in the empirical test. Results: An empirical test found that high-income people benefit more from basic medical insurance than low-income people. Mechanism analysis found that high-income people have higher medical insurance applicability and can utilize better health care. Since low-income people are unhealthier, an inequity in benefits will exacerbate health inequity. We also found that the benefits equity of URBMI is better than that of NRCMI. Conclusions: The government needs to pay more attention to the issue of medical insurance inequity. We can consider allowing for different income groups to pay different premiums according to their medical expenses or allowing for different income groups to apply different reimbursement policies.

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