Spatial Structure and Spatial Interaction: A Simulation Approach

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (9) ◽  
pp. 1279-1300 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Lo
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Simulation Approach

scholarly journals Defining Urban Science

2021 ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
Michael Batty
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Urban Informatics ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Urban Science ◽  
Operational Models ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides a brief overview of the theories and models that constitute what has come to be called urban science. Explaining and measuring the spatial structure of the city in terms of its form and function is one of the main goals of this science. It provides links between the way various theories about how the city is formed, in terms of its economy and social structure, and how these theories might be transformed into models that constitute the operational tools of urban informatics. First the idea of the city as a system is introduced, and then various models pertaining to the forces that determine what is located where in the city are presented. How these activities are linked to one another through flows and networks are then introduced. These models relate to formal models of spatial interaction, the distribution of the sizes of different cities, and the qualitative changes that take place as cities grow and evolve to different levels. Scaling is one of the major themes uniting these different elements grounding this science within the emerging field of complexity. We then illustrate how we might translate these ideas into operational models which are at the cutting edge of the new tools that are being developed in urban informatics, and which are elaborated in various chapters dealing with modeling and mobility throughout this book.

Spatial Flows and Spatial Patterns

1984 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
A S Fotheringham
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Significant Bias ◽  
Spatial System ◽  
Decay Parameters ◽  
Spatial Flows

The misspecification of gravity spatial interaction models has recently been described by the author. The bias in parameter estimates that results from such misspecification appears to produce the ‘map pattern effect’ or ‘spatial structure bias’ in estimated distance-decay parameters. A further aspect of the misspecification bias in gravity parameter estimates is explored here. The severity of the bias is shown to vary in a predictable manner with variations in spatial structure. In particular, the bias is shown to be dependent upon the pattern of accessibility that exists within a spatial system. The relevant aspects of this pattern are discussed for intraurban and interurban (or interregional) flow matrices. It is shown that from an examination of the spatial structure of centres in a spatial system it is possible, a priori, to identify whether significant bias will arise in the calibration of a gravity model. Certain configurations of centres are shown theoretically to produce maximal bias. The author thus answers the question, “why do gravity parameter estimates appear to be biased in some systems but not in others?”

Misspecification in Spatial Interaction Models: Further Results

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
M J Baxter
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Interaction Models ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models

Commonly used models for data on flows between sets of origins and destinations may often be misspecified because of a failure to account for the influence of spatial structure and other factors that affect flows. General expressions for the bias in parameter estimates that arises from such misspecification are derived for the most usual methods of estimation.

Explorations into the Relationship between Spatial Structure and Spatial Interaction

1980 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Griffith ◽  
K G Jones
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Distance Decay ◽  
City Size ◽  
Spatial Interaction Models ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Journey To Work ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This paper explores the relationship between spatial structure and spatial interaction at the intraurban level. To examine this relationship an experimental framework is designed based on the application of a doubly constrained entropy-type gravity model to journey-to-work data for twenty-four Canadian urban areas. The study demonstrates that distance-decay exponents are strongly influenced by geographic structure and the geometry of origins and destinations. As such, both the influence of map pattern and the friction of distance should be explicitly incorporated into spatial interaction models. The paper also explores the impact of city size and the nature of the economic base of the urban area upon distance-decay exponents.

Understanding Attraction: Cooperation and Human Intentionality as Determinants of Spatial Interaction and Corporate Location

1996 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 651-665
Author(s):  
B Malmberg
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Spatial Patterns ◽  
Spatial Interaction ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Capitalist Production ◽  
Human Intentionality ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
And Control

In this paper it is argued that identification and analysis of spatial patterns have an important role to play in the development of materialist social theory. Spatial forms reveal material conditions that govern social processes and, therefore, provide keys to the understanding of how societies work. Two examples are provided. First, it is argued that gravity patterns in spatial interaction are an outcome of human intentionality but that they also show how human actions are controlled by material conditions. Second, it is shown how the spatial structure of multiplant firms reflects the need for cooperation and control in capitalist production.

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