The Choice of Pollution Control Instruments: Why is So Little Notice Taken of Economists' Recommendations?

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1297-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
M S Common
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Incentive System ◽  
Incentive Systems ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
The Creation

In this paper, the basis is explained on which economists argue for the use of price incentive systems (such as emissions taxation or the creation of a market in tradeable discharge permits) and against the use of regulatory control systems, specifying upper limits on discharges or process and equipment constraints, for the control of pollution. It is noted that practice of pollution control very rarely involves price incentives. It is argued that the question of why practice ignores the recommendation of economists is interesting and important. Some suggestions are made as to where the answer to the question might lie. It is shown that a price incentive system (the taxation of inputs to production which gives rise to polluting discharges) in which economists have shown rather little interest, retains some of the attractive properties of emissions taxation and avoids the need of the latter for the continuous monitoring of emissions, which need may be a factor working against the adoption of conventional price incentive systems for pollution control.

Electrochemical reactor systems for pollution control and the removal of toxic metals from industrial wastewaters

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (6) ◽  
pp. 1107-1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Fleet
Keyword(s):  
Control Systems ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Electrochemical Reactor ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Waste ◽  
Control Applications ◽  
Recovery Processes ◽  
Key Features

A review of electrochemical reactor systems for the recovery of metals and for pollution control applications is presented. The major engineering factors which influence the design of reactors are evaluated and the key features of two-dimensional and three-dimensional reactor designs are discussed. Some examples of the application of electrochemical reactors to the recovery of metals from dilute solutions are given in the form of case studies, covering both pollution control and resource recovery processes. Finally a comparison is made of the relative technical and economic merits of electrochemical recovery pollution control systems and conventional chemical waste treatment routes.

scholarly journals RUSSIAN MATRIX OF THE DIGITAL PROFILE OF THE RUSSIAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (25(52)) ◽  
pp. 39-52
Author(s):  
Alexander Arsenievich Petrov
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Population Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Smart Sensors ◽  
Financial Industry ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Public And Private

The development of artificial intelligence accelerated the development and application of smart sensors and human observation and study systems, and the establishment of continuous monitoring of it using various sources. The financial industry has always sought to collect as much data as possible about its customers. Many countries have begun to create population control systems. China leads the development of such a system. In 2020, Russia launched a digital citizen profile system, which should ensure high-quality interaction between the population, the business community and the state through the collection, processing, archiving and analysis of information from public and private sources. How the system will be used: in the name of Good or Evil depends on those who make the decision and use it. The main carrier of information about oneself is the person himself.

scholarly journals Premises of the creation of a digital traffic safety management system

Dependability ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
A. М. Zamyshliaev
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Control Systems ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Management System ◽  
Safety Management ◽  
Digital Transformation ◽  
Safety Management System ◽  
Real Time Traffic ◽  
The Creation

Aim.The digital transformation of the traffic safety management system in JSC RZD involves top-level integration with the operating processes of all business units in terms of integral assessment of the risk of possible events and achievement of specified indicators. The result will be the merger of the traffic safety management system with the processes of all levels of the company’s management enabled by an integrated intelligent system for managing processes and services whose functionality includes real-time traffic safety management.Methods. The paper uses system analysis of existing approaches and methods of processing of large quantities of structured and unstructered data.Results. The paper examines the development stages of train traffic safety management, as well as automated information and control systems that enable traffic safety management. General trends in the creation of systems for collection and processing of information are analyzed. The applicability of such technologies as Big Data, Data Mining, Data Science as part of advanced control systems is shown. The paper examines the performance of the above technologies by analyzing the effect of various factors on the average daily performance of a locomotive, where, at the first level, such factors as average daily run of a locomotive, average trainload are taken into consideration; at the second level, the focus is on the service speed, locomotive turnover at station, etc.; at the sixth level, the focus is on the type of locomotive, its technical state, etc. It is shown that statistical methods of factor analysis and link analysis combined with such other methods of Data Mining as methods of simulation and prediction, the average daily performance of a locomotive can be planned proactively. The author proposes a procedure of migration towards a digital traffic safety management system that would be based on models of interaction of safety and dependability factors of all railway facilities at all railway levels of hierarchy, as well as in association with other factors that have no direct relation to dependability, yet affect the safety of the transportation process.Conclusions. The primary benefit of migration towards Big Data consists in the development of a dynamic model of traffic safety, the elimination of human factor in control systems. Most importantly, it enables the creation within the Russian Railways company (JSC RZD) of an integrated intelligent process and service management system that enables real-time traffic safety management. An extensive process of development and deployment within the company of the URRAN Single Corporate Platform (SCP) enabled executive decision support as regards risk-based functional dependability and safety of transportation facilities. Thus, the URRAN SCP sets the stage for the digital transformation of the traffic safety management system in JSC RZD.

scholarly journals Internal Customers and Internal Suppliers

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Hauser ◽  
Duncan I. Simester ◽  
Birger Wernerfelt
Keyword(s):  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Market Orientation ◽  
Target Market ◽  
Incentive System ◽  
Incentive Systems ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Internal Customer ◽  
Internal Customers ◽  
Profit Centers

To push a customer and market orientation deep into the organization, many firms have adopted systems by which internal customers evaluate internal suppliers. The internal supplier receives a larger bonus for a higher evaluation. The authors examine two internal customer-internal supplier incentive systems. In one system, the internal customer provides the evaluation implicitly by selecting the percentage of its bonus that is based on market outcomes (e.g., a combination of net sales and customer satisfaction if these measures can be tied to incremental profits). The internal supplier's reward is based on the percentage that the internal customer chooses. In the second system, the internal customer selects target market outcomes, and the internal supplier is rewarded on the basis of the target. In each incentive system, some risk is transferred from the firm to the employees, and the firm must pay for this; but in return, the firm need not observe either the internal supplier's or the internal customer's actions. The incentive systems are robust even if the firm guesses wrongly about what employees perceive as costly and about how employee actions affect profit. The authors discuss how these systems relate to internal customer satisfaction systems and profit centers.

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