Capital Switching and the Role of Ground Rent: 3 Switching between Circuits, Switching between Submarkets, and Social Change

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 853-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J King
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Housing Submarkets ◽  
Rent Theory

In the first paper of this three-part series, Harvey's ‘circuits of capital’ argument was reviewed, and was linked first to ground rent theory, and second to forms of crisis and social change in advanced, Western-style economies. In the second paper these ideas were used to reflect on the progress of the urban housing market in Melbourne from the 1930s to the 1980s. Specifically, an attempt was made first to identify significant switchings of investment between economic sectors, and forms of crisis that might have accompanied them; and second to understand significant switchings of investment between submarkets within the housing sector, their relationship to intersectoral switching, and the changing social relationships involved. In the present paper this question of changing social conditions is pursued further. It is concluded (1) that the increasingly differentiated structure of housing submarkets, apparently ‘necessary’ for continuous seesawing investment between submarkets, is dependent on shifts in incomes and behaviour of different social groupings; and (2) that the present direction of such shifts is, however, destabilising, transforming an economic crisis into a potential ‘motivation crisis’. The paper ends with some overall conclusions to this series of three papers.

Capital Switching and the Role of Ground Rent: 2 Switching between Circuits and Switching between Submarkets

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 711-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J King
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Housing Sector ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Social ◽  
Average Annual Cost ◽  
Rent Theory

In the first paper of this series of three, Harvey's ‘circuits of capital’ argument was discussed, and was linked first to ground rent theory, and second to forms of social change and crisis in advanced, Western-style economies. In the present paper these various theoretical insights are used to reflect upon the urban housing market in Melbourne from the 1930s to the 1980s. It is concluded (1) that average rent (average annual cost relative to wages), and thereby housing-related accumulation, rose virtually uninterrupted from 1932 to 1977, providing the incentive to the suburbanisation boom of the 1950s and 1960s; (2) that an extraordinary rise in average rent in 1973 – 74 (to be viewed as ‘absolute rent’) created an affordability barrier, inhibiting the ability of the housing sector to provide an outlet for speculative investment in the current ‘global crisis’; and (3) that differentiated shifts in monopoly ground rent (that is, price rises in some submarkets and falls in others) thereby became increasingly important in providing incentive for both speculative and productive investment in housing. The third paper will extend this empirical exploration to the social conditions enabling these processes, and in turn affected by them.

Capital Switching and the Role of Ground Rent: 1 Theoretical Problems

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
R J King
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Housing Market ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Rent Extraction ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Speculative Investment ◽  
Capital Switching

The flow of both productive and speculative investment into housing relates to the state of capital accumulation in other economic sectors, as hypothesised in the ‘circuits of capital’ argument, but it also relates to the incentive to ‘switch’ investment into and out of housing, and therefore to expectations of ground rent and the (changing) social conditions that enable ground rent extraction. This is the first of three papers in which the relationships involved in these processes are explored. A series of theoretical problems arising from the argument are dealt with, principally relating to its seeming economic determinism and to an inappropriately narrow treatment of crisis and social change. In the subsequent papers, in this journal, these various ideas will be used to reflect on housing market and related social change in Melbourne from the 1930s to the 1980s.

L'interprete fra culture, societŕ ed economie: un'indagine demografica

2009 ◽  
pp. 73-119
Author(s):  
Alessandra Vitale
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Part ◽  
The North

- The purpose is to contribute to related sociological research since it seems to be very limited (from the early 1960s), to clarify the role of interpreters as social actors and to represent the corresponding labour market, trying to overcome the idea of interpretation as mechanicalexercise. The theoretical part is concentrated on the history and on parameters reflecting the present rules governing this activity. Some preceding sociological research have been included to illustrate the main themes explored in the past. The practical part aims to explain the structure of the labour market and social conditions of interpreters in Italy. The author finds a feminization of the profession and confirms the growing relevance of English and community interpreting. Professional skills strengthen together with the demand for the simultaneous mode, causing difficult market penetration. The economic crisis and competition boost unfair practices (above all in the North). Nevertheless the profession is highly followed.

scholarly journals Shock propagation channels behind the global economic contagion network. The role of economic sectors and the direction of trade

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. e0258309
Author(s):  
Zita Iloskics ◽  
Tamás Sebestyén ◽  
Erik Braun
Keyword(s):  
Business Cycle ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
Shock Propagation ◽  
Economic Sectors ◽  
Conditional Logit ◽  
Shock Transmission ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Positive Effect

Examining the spread of macroeconomic phenomena between countries has become increasingly popular after the 2008 economic crisis, but the recent COVID-19 pandemic rendered this issue much more relevant as it shed more light on the risks arising from strongly interconnected economies. This paper intends to extend previous studies in this line by examining the relationship between trade openness and business cycle synchronization. It extends the scope of previous analyses in three areas. First, we use a Granger-causality approach to identify synchronization. Second, trade is broken down to the sector level and third, we distinguish between upstream and downstream connections. These developments allow for a directed approach in the analysis. We use conditional logit regressions to estimate the effect of trade openness on the probability of shock-transmission. The results presented in this study contribute to the literature in two ways. First, in addition to revealing a positive effect of aggregate two-way trade on shock-contagion, it also points out that this overall effect hides diverse behavior in specific trading sectors as well as upstream and downstream channels. Second, while some sectors are not significant channels of shock-transmission in either directions, upstream channels seem to be important in agriculture while downstream channels dominate machinery and other manufactures. Also, there are sectors (chemicals and related products) trade in which affects shock-transmission negatively.

The Definition and Identification of Housing Submarkets

2001 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2235-2253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Applied Research ◽  
Market Equilibrium ◽  
Housing Markets ◽  
Urban Housing ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Identification Schemes ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Housing Submarkets

Although it is widely accepted that urban housing markets are too complex to be described by unitary market, equilibrium models, the role of submarkets has not been embraced in applied research. In this paper it is argued that this is unsurprising and can be traced to the failure to establish a theoretical or empirical basis for submarket modeling. I note that, throughout the housing economics literature, the term ‘submarket’ is subject to a range of definitions; the means of identifying submarkets has varied; empirical analyses have employed differing tests; and case studies have focused on a range of different cities and different time periods. This inconsistency has prevented the development of a coherent analytical approach. By using data from the Glasgow housing market a range of alternative definition and identification schemes are compared. The evidence suggests that submarkets are important and that, rather than being based exclusively on the similarity of property characteristics or geographical contiguity, the dimensions of housing submarkets are determined by both spatial and structural factors simultaneously.

Law and Social Change in the New Nations

1978 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Legal Institutions ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Direct Control ◽  
Judicial Opinions

It is one of the central paradoxes of any legal system that it should appear at once so central to the imposition of decisive pronouncements aimed at the very structure of social relationships yet remain dependent on forces beyond its direct control for the acceptance and implementation of these strictures. This peculiar status of laws and legal institutions gives rise both to exaggerated claims for its impact on social change and equally unrealistic assertions that all legal systems merely follow and support processes whose fundamental operations are carried out in the broader spheres of social and political life. Like other institutions, a legal system performs distinctive tasks in accord with its own internal history and logic. But in its very design and operation it is deeply influenced by the struggles for control and influence that occur among its own personnel, and between them and other sectors of society. Being neither self-executing nor independently defined, statutory propositions and judicial opinions have impacts which are as difficult to trace in detail as they are wide-ranging and interconnected at large. Even in societies with elaborated and sharply delineated legal institutions, the role of the legal system in shaping or reflecting social and political patterns partakes of this confusion of distinctiveness and derivativeness.

scholarly journals Organizations as agents of social change

1984 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith C. D'Souza
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Organizational Management ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Management Policy ◽  
The Social

Organizations have an important role to play as agents of social change and developement, particularly in developing countries in which changes in social conditions are often prerequisites for growth. This paper suggests a framework for conceptualizing the social role of organizations. Four archetypes of organizational management policy orientations—“commercial,” “entrepreneurial,” “philanthropic,” and “missionary”—are derived based on two underlying dimensions of altruism and social change orientation. The determinants of these two dimensions, the conditions favouring the emergence of each archetype and its management and design aspects are discussed. Each archetype may be relevant to a society under particular environmental conditions.

Social Motives Predict Loneliness During a Developmental Transition

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Nikitin ◽  
Alexandra M. Freund
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Social Avoidance ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Developmental Transitions ◽  
Avoidance Motivation ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Establishing new social relationships is important for mastering developmental transitions in young adulthood. In a 2-year longitudinal study with four measurement occasions (T1: n = 245, T2: n = 96, T3: n = 103, T4: n = 85), we investigated the role of social motives in college students’ mastery of the transition of moving out of the parental home, using loneliness as an indicator of poor adjustment to the transition. Students with strong social approach motivation reported stable and low levels of loneliness. In contrast, students with strong social avoidance motivation reported high levels of loneliness. However, this effect dissipated relatively quickly as most of the young adults adapted to the transition over a period of several weeks. The present study also provides evidence for an interaction between social approach and social avoidance motives: Social approach motives buffered the negative effect on social well-being of social avoidance motives. These results illustrate the importance of social approach and social avoidance motives and their interplay during developmental transitions.

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