Landsat MSS Imagery to Estimate Residential Heat-Load Density

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 1597-1610 ◽  
Author(s):  
P J Curran ◽  
T A Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Scanning System ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Residential Heating ◽  
The City

Combined heat and power (CHP) schemes have the potential for reducing residential heating costs. As these schemes use waste heat from electricity generation, the power station associated with them must, for reasons of efficiency, be near to a region where the heat usage per unit area (heat-load density) is high. To plan CHP schemes, the heat-load density of urban areas needs to be mapped and monitored. To calculate heat-load density for residential areas workers have conventionally multiplied the number of dwellings per unit area by the average heat-load per dwelling. This is time-consuming and must be repeated in full, for each resurvey. In this paper the use of remotely sensed data from the Landsat Multispectral Scanning System (MSS) to estimate heat-load density is proposed. A survey using these data for the City of Sheffield was faster and no less accurate than a survey performed by conventional means. However, Landsat MSS data were unable to discriminate between more than four classes of heat-load density, a level of discrimination that may be increased if Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) or SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) data were to be used in future surveys of this kind.

scholarly journals Analizy Space Syntax wobec zjawiska segregacji społecznej i izolacji przestrzennej obszarów mieszkaniowych

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-18
Author(s):  
Justyna Olesiak
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Space Syntax ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Syntax Analysis ◽  
The Face ◽  
Urban Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

W wielu obszarach miejskich widoczna jest skrajna segregacja przestrzeni publicznej oraz fakt, że wiele dzielnic mieszkaniowych jest przestrzennie odizolowanych od miasta jako całości. Ponieważ tradycyjne metody analiz urbanistycznych dają słabe wytyczne w tym kontekście, podjęta zostanie próba ujęcia problemu i odmiennego podejścia do segregacji w projektowaniu urbanistycznym. Niniejszy artykuł bada, w jaki sposób teorie i metody analizy Space Syntax mogą przyczynić się do stworzenia bardziej dopracowanych opisów relacji przestrzennych w różnych dzielnicach i całym mieście. Przyjęto metodę badawczą: analizę literatury fachowej (krajowej i zagranicznej) oraz dostępnych publikacji. Analiza urbanistyczna oparta na teorii Space Syntax umożliwia wykazanie zasadniczych różnic strukturalnych między dzielnicami i określenie wpływu form urbanistycznych na zalety przestrzenne różnych obszarów miasta. Otwiera to nowe możliwości rozwiązania problemu segregacji w zakresie projektowania urbanistycznego oraz sformułowanie bardziej skutecznych interwencji antysegregacyjnych. Space Syntax analysis in the Face of the Phenomenon of Social Segregation and Spatial Isolation of Residential Areas In many urban areas there is an observable extreme segregation of public space, in addition to the fact that many housing districts are spatially isolated from the city as a whole. As traditional methods of urban analysis provide poor guidelines in this context, an attempt to investigate this problem and present a different approach to segregation in urban design was made. This paper presents an investigation about how Space Syntax theories and methods can contribute to creating more detailed descriptions of spatial relationships in different districts and in the entire city. The research method employed was an analysis of the literature (both domestic and trade). Space-Syntax-based urban analysis enables demonstrating significant structural differences between districts and to determine the impact of urban forms on the spatial advantages of different areas of the city. It provides new opportunities to address segregation in urban design and formulate more effective anti-segregation interventions.

scholarly journals The dynamics of population distributions in cities based on daily mobile phone operations: A case study of some Moravian cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Gabriel Kopáčik ◽  
Antonín Vaishar ◽  
Eva Šimara
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Structure ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Urban Structures ◽  
Population Distributions ◽  
Dynamics Of Population ◽  
The City ◽  
Permanent Residents

Abstract Analyses of the changes in the presence of persons in different central and residential parts of urban areas are subject to evaluation in this paper. Case studies of the cities of Brno, Ostrava and Zlín during the day and night are highlighted. Data from a provider of mobile phone services were used for the analyses. It appears that the data can be important for the comparison of different urban structures. The results demonstrate that the organisation of urban structure affects the number of visitors and thus the area attractiveness. It was confirmed that the number of mobile phone users in the city cores is higher than the number of permanent residents. The greatest differences between the day and night in the city cores were found in Brno, a concentric city with the most important central functions among the cities studied. Differences between the day and night in residential areas were not as large as expected. City neighbourhoods in Brno showed some specific rhythmicity.

scholarly journals Assessing public participation in water conservation and water demand management in water stressed urban areas: Insights from the City of Gweru, Zimbabwe

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
WINMORE KUSENA ◽  
Sumaiya Desai ◽  
Beckedhal Heinz ◽  
Chemura Abel
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
User Participation ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Water User ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The City

<p>The paper investigates the level of water user participation in water conservation and demand management in Gweru. Data was solicited from a combination of user opinion and key informants selected from the local authority and citizen representative groups. A household survey including 489 residents was carried out in the different categories of residential areas in the city. Several water conservation and demand management measures were identified. However compliance with the measures was poor. The majority of respondents (98%) were never consulted and did not participate in water decisions. Only a few respondents (2%) participated in water conservation and demand management consultation meetings, an indicator that decision-making was the sole prerogative of the local authority. Awareness in water conservation across residential suburbs was incredibly low irrespective of the socio-economic status of high literacy level recorded in the city. To explain the anomaly, respondents reported low participation (p = 0.078) in water conservation trainings which may have translated into limited conservation literacy. The findings also revealed poor communication channels between the local authority and residents such that water users felt disrespected and disregarded. Unfortunately no initiatives were in place to encourage and enable water user participation in water management. Water conservation and demand management will remain a problem in Gweru as long as there is no point of participation for various stakeholders, especially water users. Active participation channels must be opened in order to create water conservation awareness and good relations for effective participation and sustainable water service delivery.</p>

Law and War in the Virtual Era

2009 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack M. Beard
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Legal Principles ◽  
Legal Constraints ◽  
Effects Of War ◽  
The City

Since the first attempts by states to use law to regulate armed conflict, legal constraints have often failed to protect civilians from the adverse effects of war. Advances in military technology have usually not improved this situation and have instead made law even more distant and less relevant to the suffering of civilians in wartime. The massive, indiscriminate incendiary bombing campaigns against major urban areas in World War II spoke volumes about the irrelevance of fundamental legal principles and rules designed to protect civilian populations in wartime. Law and lawyers were in fact far removed, physically and operationally, from the cockpits of the United States bombers flying over Tokyo, whose aircrews were focused on surviving their missions. They struggled with limited information about their assigned targets and conducted their operations with rudimentary preflight instructions that directed them, for example, to avoid destroying the palace of the Japanese emperor but left them free to submerge entire residential areas of the city in a sea of flames.

Modeling summer heat load in Zagreb due to climate change effect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irena Nimac ◽  
Ivana Herceg Bulić ◽  
Maja Žuvela-Aloise
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Heat Load ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
City Region ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
The City

&lt;p&gt;Changes in surface and atmosphere characteristics in urban areas can alter radiation, heat and water balance and generate excessive heat load in those areas. One of the associated consequences is higher temperatures in built-up areas compared to the rural surrounding, also known as urban heat island (UHI). Here, summer heat load in Zagreb, the largest city of Croatia, is investigated. Summer season is in the focus of the study, not only because it is shown that trend in summer temperatures in Zagreb is stronger compared to the winter one, but also as it is the season when intense and prolonged extreme weather events, like heat-weaves, are likely to occur.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this work, urban climate model MUKLIMO_3 with 100 m horizontal resolution is applied for a broader area of Zagreb. To explore the effect of climate change on the heat load, two separate experiments with the same land-use (corresponding to the current state of the city), but for different climate conditions are made. Daily data measurements for the period 1951&amp;#8211;1980 are used as past climate, while 1981&amp;#8211;2010 period represents the current climate conditions. Heat load is here estimated by a number of days with the maximum air temperature above 25 &amp;#176;C, i.e. by summer days. Both simulations indicated the lowest values of heat load in mountainous forest area accompanied by increased values in densely built-up regions and old city center. However, lower number of summer days is also found for green and blue areas within the city. The spatial pattern of difference in the number of summer days between considered periods is mainly influenced by orography with a much lower increase in the mountain area of the domain than in the lowland city region.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Methods for the reconstruction of residential areas in the historical centre of Aleppo

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-301
Author(s):  
Bannoud Ghaleb ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
The City ◽  
Building Elements

The article discusses measures for restoring the living environment of the Syrian city of Aleppo taking regional characteristics, national traditions and religious normsinto account. Archival and field studies conducted for the identification of valuable environmental elements for each district of the city are presente-dalongside morphological building elements characteristic of urban areas pertaining to different periods. On the basis of morphological maps for residential building elements and general demographic trends, a system for the restoration of the Aleppo residential development, based on the modular method of forming the three-dimensional structure for a traditional residential building, is proposed. The proposed system for the forma-tion of a residential building is based on the multiple variability of its structure as formed by a limited number of volume elements. The technique supports the restoration of buildings using industrial methods combining various elements as applicable for creating a diverse urban environment. This technique is applicable not only in the city of Aleppo, but also in other Syrian cities affected by the military conflict, as well as in other regions with analogous climatic conditions and national traditions.

scholarly journals Temporal variability and sources of VOCs in urban areas of Eastern Mediterranean

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Kaltsonoudis ◽  
Evangelia Kostenidou ◽  
Kalliopi Florou ◽  
Magda Psichoudaki ◽  
Spyros N. Pandis
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Residential Heating ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Biogenic Compounds ◽  
The City ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. During the summer of 2012 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored by Proton Transfer Reaction – Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) in urban backgrounds sites, in Athens and Patras, two of the largest cities in Greece. Also during the winter of 2013 PTR-MS measurements were conducted in the center of the city of Athens. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the VOC measurements to gain insights about their sources. In summer most of the measured VOCs were due to biogenic and traffic emissions. Isoprene, monoterpenes and several oxygenated VOCs (oVOCs) originated mainly from vegetation either directly or as oxidation products. Isoprene average concentrations in Patras and Athens were 1 ppb and 0.7 ppb respectively while the monoterpene concentrations were 0.3 ppb and 0.9 ppb respectively. Traffic was the main source of aromatic compounds during summer. For Patras and Athens the average concentrations of benzene were 0.1 ppb and 0.2 ppb, of toluene 0.3 ppb and 0.8 ppb and of the xylenes 0.3 ppb and 0.7 ppb respectively. Winter measurements in Athens revealed that biomass burning used for residential heating was a major VOC source contributing both biogenic compounds such as isoprene and the monoterpenes, and aromatic VOCs. Several episodes related to biomass burning were identified and emission ratios (ER) and emission factors (EF) were estimated.

scholarly journals Classification of air pollution criteria for the improvement of methodical approaches to ensure the environmental safety of major cities

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 01033
Author(s):  
Vadim Bespalov ◽  
Oksana Gurova ◽  
Natalya Samarskaya ◽  
Oksana Paramonova
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Aerodynamic Parameters ◽  
Comprehensive Classification ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the problem of ensuring environmental safety in the territories of large cities, primarily, to reducing atmospheric air pollution. The aim of the work was to build a comprehensive classification scheme of sources of pollutant emissions into the air basin of the territories of large cities, taking into account the climatic and physicalgeographical conditions of the considered urban areas. In the process of research, we solved the problem of identifying the basic principles of classification of air pollution sources based on the analysis of known methodological approaches with the subsequent improvement of calculation methods to justify the spatial distribution of residential areas, industrial areas, motorways, recreational areas, effective sanitary protective zones taking into account aerodynamics to remove polluted air outside the city territory. A generalized classification of sources of pollutant emissions into the environment is proposed, while the sources of air pollution in urban areas are classified according to the following main criteria: by origin, by aerodynamic parameters and by the nature of the direction of the emission plume, by spatial position and possible mobility, in terms of size in plan, in height of the spread of the emission plume, taking into account the height of the mouth of the source of the emission of pollutants above the level of the earth’s surface, in temperature of air-gas mixture, according to the mode of action.

scholarly journals Рatterns of spreading of heavy metals in soils of urbanized landscapes (on the example of Brovary city)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 580-590
Author(s):  
Anastasiia O. Splodytel
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Technogenic Pollution ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Geochemical Parameters ◽  
The City

Results of the study about pollutants content in soils of urbanized landscapes are presented. Patterns of their migration and accumulation in main soil types of Brovary are grounded. Correlation relationships between the individual components of ecologicalgeochemical system of urbanized territory were analyzed. Dependences of landscape resistance to technogenic pollution on the level of conservation of natural geochemical parameters of soils, degree of their anthropogenic transformation and level of heavy metals were determined. According to geochemical criteria technogenic associations of heavy metalsin soils are determined, which are represented by the following elements: Cu>Pb>Zn>Co>Cr>V>Mo>Mn>Ni. Level of gross content of chemical elements compounds in soils of different zones of the city is heterogeneous. City zones with the highest polyelement contamination of soil have been identified. Maximum technogenic load is recorded in urban areas of transport infrastructure zone and zone of production and communal-warehouse facilities. Ecological and geochemical assessment on the total index of pollution by using methods of Y.E. Saeta, is shown. Value of this topsoil parameter in Brovary (0-10 cm) ranges from 30 to 106, the average is 65, which corresponds to hazardous level of soil pollution. According to the total indicator of technogenic pollution, Brovary belongs to cities with high pollution level. Soils in all parts of the city, except for residential areas, are classified as hazardous. Studied soils of the city are characterized by plumbum geochemical specialization. High levels of zinc, manganese, cobalt and chromium were also found (the maximal permissible concentrations in soil exceeds by 1.7-4.7 times). Especial attention is paid to the patterns, mechanisms of pollutants influence on the complex of soil properties and processes that determine the ecological condition of soils and their resistance to anthropogenic flows. Soil contamination by pollutants leads to changes in their physical and chemical properties (cation exchange capacity pH, organic matter content) which causes a low buffering capacity of soil cover of the city.

scholarly journals Temporal variability and sources of VOCs in urban areas of the eastern Mediterranean

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (23) ◽  
pp. 14825-14842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos Kaltsonoudis ◽  
Evangelia Kostenidou ◽  
Kalliopi Florou ◽  
Magda Psichoudaki ◽  
Spyros N. Pandis
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
Residential Heating ◽  
Biogenic Compounds ◽  
The City ◽  
Urban Sites ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. During the summer of 2012 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored by proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) in urban sites, in Athens and Patras, two of the largest cities in Greece. Also, during the winter of 2013, PTR-MS measurements were conducted in the center of the city of Athens. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the VOC measurements to gain insights about their sources. In summer most of the measured VOCs were due to biogenic and traffic emissions. Isoprene, monoterpenes, and several oxygenated VOCs (oVOCs) originated mainly from vegetation either directly or as oxidation products. Isoprene average concentrations in Patras and Athens were 1 and 0.7 ppb respectively, while the monoterpene concentrations were 0.3 and 0.9 ppb respectively. Traffic was the main source of aromatic compounds during summer. For Patras and Athens the average concentrations of benzene were 0.1 and 0.2 ppb, of toluene 0.3 and 0.8 ppb, and of the xylenes 0.3 and 0.7 ppb respectively. Winter measurements in Athens revealed that biomass burning used for residential heating was a major VOC source contributing both aromatic VOCs and biogenic compounds such as monoterpenes. Several episodes related to biomass burning were identified and emission ratios (ERs) and emission factors (EFs) were estimated.

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