Business Service Offices in British Provincial Cities: Location and Control

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1101-1120 ◽  
Author(s):  
P W Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
External Control ◽  
Business Service ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
New Firm ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control

There are only a few studies of business service activities and most have concentrated on the behaviour of these activities in large cities. By taking a wider cross section of urban areas, this study explores some possible sources of variation in the role of business services in local economies with particular reference to the location and control of these services. Low-growth cities with a large proportion of their business services under external control show a limited amount of new-firm formation since indigenous firms are outnumbered by about two to one. Nonindigenous firms are significantly more likely to set up new branches or to relocate existing ones. The ratio of indigenous to nonindigenous business services in each urban area is significant for the location, status, function, and other changes reported by establishments. Many of these changes are a response to market adjustment or a need to ‘colonize’ new areas. The types of change, particularly of location, are also significantly related to office function. Provincial business services have shown a propensity to expand their employment, but this may only reflect the general trend since 1975. The role of London as the location of headquarters controlling provincial business services is far from dominant.

The Role of Business-Service Offices in the Economy of Medium-Sized Cities

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 669-686 ◽  
Author(s):  
J H J van Dinteren
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
External Control ◽  
Local Market ◽  
Business Service ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Indigenous Development ◽  
Information Circulation

In the Netherlands over the last fifteen years business-service activities have decentralized towards the intermediate provinces and the regions around the large cities in the west. A survey, based on postal questionnaires, was conducted to analyze this sector in thirteen medium-sized cities in the intermediate provinces. Work in this paper centers on the role of the business-service offices in the urban economy. From Pred's information-circulation theory it is argued that this role can be demonstrated by the following measures: the amount of local inputs, the degree of external control, the size of regional exports, and the size of the business-service sector (both in terms of employment and establishments). It is demonstrated that business services are not so reliant on a local market and on the manufacturing sector as has been assumed formerly. However, there are differences between the different types of offices. In a consideration of the role of business services in the economy of medium-sized cities it is shown that there are important variations between the cities studied. Initial advantages, the region in which the city is situated, planning policies, and the nature of the market are some factors accounting for the variations. Given the strong degree of regional export orientation, the intermediate function of business services and their recent and possible future growth, these results suggest that regional and urban policies, which in the Netherlands concentrate on stimulating indigenous development opportunities in the cities and regions themselves, need to reexamine the role of business services in the economy.

scholarly journals Autochthonous chikungunya and dengue fever outbreak in Mainland France, 2010-2018

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
F Franke ◽  
S Giron ◽  
A Cochet ◽  
C Jeannin ◽  
I Leparc-Goffart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Fever ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Investigation Methods ◽  
Imported Cases ◽  
Set Up ◽  
And Control ◽  
Autochthonous Transmission

Abstract Background Aedes albopictus, vector of dengue and chikungunya viruses, is implanted in mainland France, exposing to the risk of autochthonous transmission. Since 2006, epidemiological and entomological surveillance activities aim to prevent or limit the occurrence of autochthonous cases. We aimed to describe episodes of transmission and control measures implemented in order to reflect on surveillance activities. Methods We reviewed all publications and documents produced on autochthonous transmission episodes in France and surveillance protocols. We reviewed surveillance activities, investigation methods and control measures implemented. Results Between 2010 and 2018, eight episodes of autochthonous dengue fever transmission and three of chikungunya were recorded in mainland France. All of them occurred in the South east of France, between July and October, when vector density was the highest. Transmission areas were limited to single domestic houses located in discontinuous urban areas. Only two episodes happened in two distinct areas. Chikungunya episodes led to 31 cases and dengue fever episodes to 23 cases. Most cases were identified by door-to-door investigations set-up in transmission areas. We isolated serotypes 1 and 2 for dengue and East Central South Africa lineage for chikungunya in autochthonous cases. Adulticide vector control measures were effective in controlling transmission. Seven episodes of transmission were due to failure in identifying primary imported cases. Four episodes occurred because of the absence or the lack of vector controls measures around primary imported cases. Conclusions Surveillance activities, and autochthonous cases investigations, were effective in limiting the extent of transmission, but were highly demanding for surveillance actors. Identified causes of transmission highlight the need of regular awareness campaigns targeting physicians and biologists. Key messages Effectiveness of the surveillance system of dengue, chikungunya and zika viruses, and autochthonous cases investigations. Needs of awareness and training courses targeting health professionals to the risk represented by these viruses.

scholarly journals Mengkaji Kesehatan Masyarakat Daerah “Urban” Jika Dilihat Dari Konteks Pemuda

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 230
Author(s):  
Robist Hidayat
Keyword(s):  
Urban Health ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Urban Problems ◽  
The Government ◽  
Descriptive Method

<p><em>Abstra</em><em>k</em><strong><em> -</em></strong> <strong>Kesehatan merupakan faktor penting  kehidupan, tak terkecuali  kaum urban di perkotaan besar di Indonesia, banyak permasalahan terjadi, prasarana idak memadai, kehidupan yang buruk menimbulkan masalah serius baik sekarang dan masa yang akan datang. Salah satu bagian kaum urban adalah pemuda, merupakan kaum di antara anak-anak dan juga dewasa. Sehingga di harapkan memiliki solusi untuk menghadapi permsaalahan tersebut.</strong><strong> </strong><strong>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat bagaiman peranan pemuda mengkaji permasalahan yang terjadi sehingga bisa mendapatkan solusi sederhana untuk mengatasi permasalahan kaum urban diperkotaan besar. Adapun metode yang digunakan penulis yakni metode deskriptif, mengkaji serta menganalisis literasi-literasi yang ada dan menyimpulkan menjadi sebuah solusi dari permasalahan yang penulis ungkapkan. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini ,bahwa permasalahan kaum urban terletak pada tidak adanya program yang jelas serta terperinci secara baik, baik itu dari pemerintah daerah maupun pusat. Sehingga hal ini menjadi permasalahan bersama bukan salah satu pihak semata. Adapun yang bisa pemuda berikan solusi: yakni mencangkup program dan juga kebijakan, program yang di berikan yakni terdiri 3 tahap,</strong><strong> </strong><strong>yaitu: jangka pendek, menengah dan panjang. Adapun alasannya yaitu program tersebut di  terapkan sesuai dengan kebutuhan kaum urban serta kebijakan yang  merupakan wewenang dari pemerintah. Bisa disimpulkan, pemuda memiliki peranan penting dalam mengkaji ataupun memberikan solusi yang terbaik untuk kesehatan kaum urban.</strong></p><p><em>Abstract </em><strong>- Health is an important factor of life, including urban in large urban areas in Indonesia, many problems occur, infrastructure is inadequate, a bad life causes serious problems both now and in the future. One part of the urban community is youth, is a family among children and also adults. So that it is expected to have a solution to deal with these problems. This study aims to see how the role of youth examines the problems that occur so that they can get a simple solution to overcome urban problems in large cities. The method used by the author is descriptive method, reviewing and analyzing existing literacy and concluding to be a solution to the problems that the writer reveals. The results of this study, that the problem of urbanites lies in the absence of a clear and well-detailed program, both from the local and central government. So this matter becomes a common problem, </strong><strong>not</strong><strong> only one part. As for what the youth can provide a solution: namely covering the program and also the policy, the program provided is consisting of</strong><strong> </strong><strong>3 stages, namely: short, medium and long term. The reason is that the program is implemented in accordance with the needs of the urbanites and policies that are the authority of the government. It can be concluded, youth have an important role in assessing or providing the best solution for urban health.</strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> – <em>Role of Youth, </em><em>Urban Community Health, Problems, Programs</em><em></em></p>

Global cities could power economic growth

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Basic Services ◽  
Global Economic Growth ◽  
Basic Infrastructure ◽  
Funding Gap

Subject The role of cities in global economic growth. Significance Cities, defined as metropolitan areas with over 500,000 inhabitants, are powering global economic growth. However, by 2014 the results were uneven, as the cities with the highest growth lie in developing countries, mainly in China, while many North American and European cities remain trapped in recession. Current urbanisation models are unsustainable in the long term, posing threats to future economic prosperity. Impacts Most large cities' economies are growing faster than their respective countries and will continue doing so. The less wealthy developing urban areas will converge economically with their more developed peers. The existing patterns of urban sprawl in many cities will lead to an increasing funding gap in basic infrastructure. This funding gap could cause the failure of many cities to deliver basic services such as transport.

scholarly journals Medium-sized Cities in Spain and Their Urban Areas within National Network

Urban Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Luis Alfonso Escudero Gómez ◽  
Juan Antonio García González ◽  
José María Martínez Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban System ◽  
Urban Dispersion ◽  
Urban Network ◽  
Main Method ◽  
National Network ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
Peripheral Areas

Traditionally, medium-sized cities have been compact urban centres, which have also emerged as satellite nuclei within metropolitan areas of larger cities. However, urban dispersion models have led to growth in population and the increasing urbanisation of large cities’ peripheral areas. This article will analyse medium-sized cities in Spain, as well as their urban areas within the national urban network. Medium-sized cities will be defined herein, and their urban areas of influence will also be established. The increase and growth in area and population of the so-called medium-sized cities draws a new map of urban relationships. Empirical analysis will resort to a nuclear, demographic source, the population of urban areas. Source data will be analysed both statistically and cartographically. Finally, a spatial analysis of Spain’s urban network will be presented as the main method used to obtain results, with a characterisation of Spain’s urban system and the role of cities in such system being displayed. There is a trend which aims at re-balancing the permanent configuration of the country’s urban network. The article concludes with a typology of medium-sized cities regarding their relative position in the territory. This research contributes to the current scientific debate on the dynamics of urbanisation in the environment of medium-sized cities.

scholarly journals ‘My father found it for me’: changing experiences of entering the workforce in twentieth-century urban Britain

Urban History ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN G. POOLEY
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Societal Change ◽  
Significant Life ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
And Control ◽  
First Job ◽  
Life Course Transition

ABSTRACT:Leaving education and gaining employment is a significant life course transition for most people. This article explores the processes by which young people gained their first job in mid-twentieth-century urban Britain, and examines the ways in which this changed in relation to major shifts in society, economy and culture. Key themes include the role of parents and other family members, changes in levels of autonomy and control and the impacts of societal change. Data are drawn from oral testimonies collected in three major urban areas: Glasgow, Manchester and London, and span a period from the 1920s to the 1980s.

Ethnic Minority Business Policy in the Era of the Small Business Service

10.1068/c0050 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monder Ram ◽  
David Smallbone
Keyword(s):  
Small Business ◽  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Minority Business ◽  
Support Needs ◽  
Socioeconomic Differences ◽  
Business Service ◽  
Business Services ◽  
Business Policy ◽  
Business Support

The advent of the Small Business Service (SBS) has been accompanied by a renewed interest in ethnic minority enterprise. The content, nature, and efficacy of engagement processes with ethnic minority business (EMB) are likely to be important criteria for the granting of local SBS franchises, if the support needs of EMBs are to be successfully identified and responded to in the light of community and socioeconomic differences. This imperative has thrown into sharp relief unarticulated assumptions upon which policy towards EMBs has been, or should be, constituted. A review of these policy questions, and an assessment of the way forward, is long overdue. This is the key aim of the paper. In addressing this task, the authors draw upon a range of recent and ongoing studies of different facets of EMB activity, focusing in particular on the policy dimension. The discussion is divided into three main sections. First, there is an assessment of the support needs of EMBs. A key question is the extent to which such businesses are distinct from the general small firm population; and whether differences can be attributed to other factors, such as size and sector. This issue has implications for the delivery of business services; in particular, should services be delivered within existing ‘mainstream’ business support institutions, or through agencies predicated upon notions of ethnic differentiation? Second, issues and lessons from previous policy initiatives are considered. In particular, the role of specialist agencies, urban regeneration initiatives, and business-led organisations are assessed. After considering issues emerging from extant studies, part three identifies elements for a more coherent policy towards EMBs. Such a policy should include: clearer objectives; placing support EMBs within mainstream provision; an engagement strategy; closer integration between business support and regeneration policies; better access to finance; and more client-focused business support.

scholarly journals An Analytical Study On Socio-Economic Conditions Of Squatter Settlements In Karachi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aamir Waheed Khawaja ◽  
Nasreen Aslam Shah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Squatter Settlements ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

This research study was conducted on socio-economic conditions of families living in squatter’s settlement of Karachi. The urban population is booming with unprecedented growth due to heavy influx or migration of rural population to the cities especially in Karachi. The rural families are migrating to the city in a way to have better employment; improved lifestyles in urban societies. Migrators usually accommodated in squatters’ settlements of Karachi because of high residing cost in urban areas. The squatters’ settlements are located at outskirt of the city on government owned lands. However the provincial government has set up Sindh Katchi Abadi Authority (SKAA) department for upgrading or regularizing Katchi Abadis which are working under specific rules and regulations. In this study the role of SKAA also highlighted to analyze the working preferences of organization for the rehabilitation or betterment of squatter settlements. The research topic is chosen in order to investigate about the socio-economic issues of families living in squatters settlements. The data is collected from 200 respondents of squatters from squatters’ settlements which are situated in six different districts of Karachi. Data is collected by the self-prepared questionnaire which was prepared in a way to investigate socio-economic issues and problems of squatters’ families living in the settlements. This research found that whole sample of squatters is of migrators. These settlements are considered illegal and have no provision of basic necessities including drinking safe water; inadequate sanitation system; and low standard of housings.

scholarly journals An Analytical Study On Socio-Economic Conditions Of Squatter Settlements In Karachi

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Aamir Waheed Khawaja ◽  
Nasreen Aslam Shah
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Analytical Study ◽  
Rural Families ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Squatter Settlements ◽  
Economic Issues ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The City

This research study was conducted on socio-economic conditions of families living in squatter’s settlement of Karachi. The urban population is booming with unprecedented growth due to heavy influx or migration of rural population to the cities especially in Karachi. The rural families are migrating to the city in a way to have better employment; improved lifestyles in urban societies. Migrators usually accommodated in squatters’ settlements of Karachi because of high residing cost in urban areas. The squatters’ settlements are located at outskirt of the city on government owned lands. However the provincial government has set up Sindh Katchi Abadi Authority (SKAA) department for upgrading or regularizing Katchi Abadis which are working under specific rules and regulations. In this study the role of SKAA also highlighted to analyze the working preferences of organization for the rehabilitation or betterment of squatter settlements. The research topic is chosen in order to investigate about the socio-economic issues of families living in squatters settlements. The data is collected from 200 respondents of squatters from squatters’ settlements which are situated in six different districts of Karachi. Data is collected by the self-prepared questionnaire which was prepared in a way to investigate socio-economic issues and problems of squatters’ families living in the settlements. This research found that whole sample of squatters is of migrators. These settlements are considered illegal and have no provision of basic necessities including drinking safe water; inadequate sanitation system; and low standard of housings.

scholarly journals Resource-saving factor in the development of Russian cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (45) ◽  
pp. 293-301
Author(s):  
Rinad A. Popov ◽  
Aleksandr N. Sekisov ◽  
Ekaterina V. Solovyova ◽  
Nataliya A. Shipilova ◽  
Andrey A. Savenko
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
Reproduction System ◽  
Scientific Technical ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
The City

The purpose of the article is to identify the problems of Russian cities and urban-type settlements from the standpoint of their historical and economic development. Using the methodology of economic, statistical and retrospective analysis, it was revealed that along with the growth of large cities in recent years, there has been a tendency towards a reduction in small settlements, which is associated with a decrease in industrial production. The result of this is the active development of urban processes, leading to the concentration in large cities of the scientific, technical and intellectual and production potential of the regions, their transformation into self-sufficient centers for the development of territorial socio-economic locations. The result of the study is the substantiation of the need to create new methodological approaches to the development and placement of productive forces, planning of urban areas, solving problems of energy and resource supply of territories on the basis of achieving their ecological and economic efficiency. The concept of the decisive role of the resource-saving factor in the process of urbanization of territories is substantiated. It was revealed that the approach to the analysis and modeling of the city economy when considering it as a "quasi-corporation" involves the formation of an integrated reproduction system based on increasing the efficiency of the use of territory resources, which translates the process of planning the development of the urban environment into the category of business process technologies.

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