On the Inefficiency of Being Efficient

1975 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 921-939 ◽  
Author(s):  
M A Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Western World ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Socioecological Systems ◽  
Industrialized Nations ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
Diversity Of Components

Decisionmaking in the industrialized nations of the western world increasingly can be characterized by its scale and speed of implementation. Another facet of decisionmaking is the narrowness with which problems are defined and the equally narrow range of alternatives sought for solution. This paper documents these elements of decisions and also sketches out a number of scenarios where such an approach has led to unexpected, and often undesirable, consequences. An alternative view of complex decisions, based on these scenarios, is developed. It relies heavily not on optimization as its pivotal criterion but rather upon the persistence of the decisionmaking unit, which is ultimately our society. Examples are presented which illustrate the counterproductive nature of many optimizing solutions. The argument is made that in an uncertain world, such as the one in which we live, optimizing approaches to decisions cannot succeed in the longer run because their assumptions about the constancy of our world do not hold up. Accordingly, a more flexible framework is suggested which values the complexity and uncertainty of the socioecological systems within which we must operate. The stability of these systems is seen to be a critical consideration of decisions, and several aspects of stability are presented which have been overlooked in the past. The paper is concluded with a number of points which it is argued should be explicitly accounted for in future decisionmaking frameworks. Among the points stressed are: the desirability of making small scale decisions and implementing them slowly; the need to acknowledge the limits of what is knowable and thus the role of uncertainty; the virtues of maintaining a diversity of components in our socioecological systems; and finally the need to keep decision options open.

MODELING THE ROLE OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN-DEPENDENT BACTERIA ON BIODEGRADATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

2014 ◽  
Vol 07 (01) ◽  
pp. 1450008 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. SHUKLA ◽  
ASHISH GOYAL ◽  
P. K. TIWARI ◽  
A. K. MISRA
Keyword(s):  
Dissolved Oxygen ◽  
Water Body ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Simulation Analysis ◽  
Organic Pollutant ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nonlinear Mathematical Model ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One

In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the role of dissolved oxygen (DO)-dependent bacteria on biodegradation of one or two organic pollutant(s) in a water body. In the case of two organic pollutant(s), it is assumed that the one is fast degrading and the other is slow degrading and both are discharged into the water body from outside with constant rates. The density of bacteria is assumed to follow logistic model and its growth increases due to biodegradation of one or two organic pollutant(s) as well as with the increase in the concentration of DO. The model is analyzed using the stability theory of differential equations and by simulation. The model analysis shows that the concentration(s) of one or both organic pollutant(s) decrease(s) as the density of bacteria increases. It is noted that for very large density of bacteria, the organic pollutant(s) may be removed almost completely from the water body. It is found that simulation analysis confirms the analytical results. The results obtained in this paper are in line with the experimental observations published in literature.

Bilingual Education

1989 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 103-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Tosi
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Bilingual Education ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Western World ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Language Spread ◽  
The One

In the past two decades bilingual education has become an educational movement and a field of academic inquiry of remarkable growth throughout the world. At first glance this appears to be the outcome of the increasingly hegemonic role of a few languages like English in the western world and countries economically affiliated to it, Russian in the multilingual republics of the Soviet Union, and Putonghua in the People's Republic of China. But a closer look at the first of these areas—the one better known to us—shows how complex the dynamics of language spread and language change are in diverse sociopolitical contexts.

scholarly journals Problems of Working Women in the Rural Informal Sector of Punjab (Pakistan)

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Karamat Ali ◽  
Abdul Hamid Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Variable Structure ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The One

The informal sector plays a significant role in Pakistan’s economy as well as in other developing countries. The role of the informal sector in solving the unemployment problem of Third World countries has become the focus of a conceptual and empirical debate in recent years. Most of the research takes a favourable view of this sector and suggests that it should be used as a policy instrument for the solution of the most pressing problems of developing countries, such as unemployment, poverty, income inequalities, etc. Before proceeding further, we will define the informal sector and differentiate it from the formal sector. There are various definitions, but the one given in an ILO report (1972) is generally considered the best. According to this report, informal sector activities are ways of doing things characterised by a heterogeneous array of economic activities with relative ease of entry, reliance on indigenous resources; temporary or variable structure and family ownership of enterprises, small scale of operation, labour intensive and adapted technology, skills acquired outside the formal school system, not depending on formal financial institutions for its credit needs; unregulated and unregistered units, and not observing fixed hours/days of operation.

scholarly journals Role of Clean Technology in Sustainable Manufacturing

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1S) ◽  
pp. 437-444
Author(s):  
Manoj Kumar Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Industrial Growth ◽  
Financial Decisions ◽  
Clean Technologies ◽  
The Stability

Sustainable manufacturing is the backbone for the development of standard of living of the country along with its industrial growth. It is a process for meeting development needs while maintaining the stability, integrity and beauty of natural biotic systems such that societal consumption of natural resources is incommensurate with the rate which the nature can replenish itself. It can be more cost and time efficient, especially for small scale production and customized products. In order to have complete and efficient structure of sustainable manufacture it must produce green products by using clean technologies. The manufacturing industries which can integrate the aspect of clean technologies in their technical and financial decisions will hold an important role in winning the everlasting future race. The main objective of this paper is to elaborate the concept and implementation of clean technologies in sustainable manufacturing which includes the process, models and impact assessment of green technologies. The ideas presented in this paper will be quite useful for the researchers and industrialists who are interested in the field sustainable manufacturing.

scholarly journals FINANCE MANAGEMENT IN ARTS ORGANIZATIONS IN BULGARIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vesela Kazashka
Keyword(s):  
Financial Management ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Arts Organizations ◽  
Finance Management ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Art Organizations ◽  
The One ◽  
And Control ◽  
Goals And Objectives

Arts organizations are a major factor in the Bulgarian economic. Good management of Art  organizations  is also associated with good financial management and control in order to achieve their  goals and objectives. The delegated budgets, the small scale of most of the Arts organizations, are a prerequisite for saving money or imposing the appointment of a financial controller. The lack of such a specialist in turn leads to poor control, inefficient spending of funds, violations and failure to verify costs, which can sometimes lead to bankruptcy. The objective of the report is two-sided - on the one hand, preventing the repetition of mistakes perceived as unsuccessful practices and, on the other hand, emphasizing the place and role of controlling the financial execution of a project and its importance for optimizing the effectiveness of the implementation as well as in the overall activity of Art  organizations.

Zijn Er Vaste Trekken In Het Maatschappelijk Denken Over Vertalen?

1985 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
A.J. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Academic Discipline ◽  
Western Society ◽  
Western World ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Language Universals

The article deals with the reception side of translation in an industrial context. It is only natural for an industrial linguist to look upon his job as a linguist. Most of his work, however, will be conceived and received by 'people'. This need not necessarily be a source of conflict, but where it is, the linguist tends to rely on the quality of his argument, which just as often does not decide the case. What is overlooked is that much of the disparity is engendered by a different bias as to what a language really is. For such bias, Western culture seems to have three basic options available, each overstressing one of the semiotic dimensions: the semantic, syntactic and pragmatic, as can be seen from linguistic models past and present. Recent work by Roy Harris has shown these options - termed by him the surrogationalist, contractualist and instrumentalist view, respectively - to have very deep roots in the development of Western society. The article argues that, what with the institutional character of a language and the important role of translation in shaping the cultural landscape of the Western world, popular (and much expert) opinion on translation - as a job or a product - might well be classable under three similar headings. An attempt is made at a trichotomy of 'positions' implicit in current reactions on translation concerning such criteria as language universals, translatability, equivalence, translation unit, etc. The resultant typology is believed to reveal constant traits in popular thought on translation. If a typology is the output of lumpers and the input to hair splitters, a lot of 'hairsplitting' in the light of Harris' analysis, or similar historical work, may be called for to improve its reality content. The article opens with an outline of the translator's position in large industries as characterized by three paradoxes: a small-scale profession within a big organization, a high-knowledge job yet lacking back-up from a prestigious academic discipline, a recent career and a very old art. This makes motivation and legitimation of the profession not an easy task. It might be easier if more were known of the sociolinguistics of translation.

scholarly journals The role of curvature in modifying frontal instabilities, part 2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian E. Buckingham ◽  
Jonathan Gula ◽  
Xavier Carton
Keyword(s):  
Simple Expression ◽  
Instability Criterion ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Buoyancy Forcing ◽  
Coherent Vortices ◽  
Stability Maps ◽  
Cyclonic Flow ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Earth System Models

AbstractWe continue our study of the role of curvature in modifying frontal stability. In Part 1, we obtained an instability criterion valid for curved fronts and vortices in gradient wind balance (GWB): Φ′ = L′q′ < 0, where L′ and q′ are the non-dimensional absolute angular momentum and Ertel potential vorticity (PV), respectively. In Part 2, we investigate this criterion in a parameter space representative of low-Richardson number fronts and vortices in GWB. An interesting outcome is that, for Richardson numbers near one, anticyclonic flows increase in q′, while cyclonic flows decrease in q′, tending to stabilize anticyclonic and de-stabilize cyclonic flow. Although stability is marginal or weak for anticyclonic flow (owing to multiplication by L′), the de-stabilization of cyclonic flow is pronounced, and may help to explain an observed asymmetry in the distribution of small-scale, coherent vortices in the ocean interior. We are referring mid-latitude submesoscale and polar mesoscale vortices that are generated by friction and/or buoyancy forcing within boundary layers but that are often documented outside these layers. A comparison is made between several documented vortices and predicted stability maps, providing support for the proposed mechanism. Finally, a simple expression, which is a root of the stability discriminant, Φ′, explains the observed asymmetry in the distribution of vorticity. In conclusion, the generalized criterion is consistent with theory, observations and recent modeling studies, and demonstrates that curvature in low-stratified environments can de-stabilize cyclonic and stabilize anticyclonic fronts and vortices to symmetric instability. The results may have implications for Earth system models.

The Role of Judges in Deciding the Future of Digital Libraries

Global Jurist ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Argyri Panezi
Keyword(s):  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Fair Use ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
High Profile ◽  
Digital Era ◽  
The Future ◽  
Exceptions And Limitations ◽  
The One

AbstractJudges sitting in US and EU courts have adjudicated a number of high-profile cases of mass and small-scale digitization and access to digitized material. These cases have important policy effects mounting to shaping the future of digital libraries insofar as the current copyright framework does not change from the legislative branch. This article focuses on the judges’ struggle to achieve progressive (pro-libraries and pro-technology) results interpreting the applicable rules. American judges, on the one hand, primarily utilized doctrinal tools such as the fair use doctrine. European judges, on the other hand, used interpretative methods that can push the limits of exceptions and limitations favoring libraries. The article seeks to bring the role of the judiciary to the spotlight, analyze the wording of the relevant decisions and offer a possible reading of the responsibility that the judges must have experienced adjudicating these cases. Ultimately it urges legislative reform to be a follow-up to the judges’ support of the benefits of digitization the future of libraries in the digital era.

scholarly journals Business development & feasibility study of small-scale powdered coffee agroindustry

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Indra Kesuma ◽  
Rusdan ◽  
M. Machrus ◽  
Andi Thahir
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Business Units ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Break Even Point ◽  
Role Of The Government ◽  
Ground Coffee

Purpose of Study: This study aims to analyze the level of visibility of low-scale ground coffee agro-industry and determine the role of the government in the development of low-scale ground coffee agro-industry. Methodology: This research was conducted using a low-scale survey agro-industry method which was applied to a ground coffee centre in one of the provinces in Indonesia. The number of samples is seven low-scale coffee business units. Data analysis used is financial analysis (NPV, IRR, Net B/C ratio, and Payback Period), Break-Even Point analysis, and sensitivity analysis. Results: The results showed that the low-scale ground coffee agro-industry was profitable and looked to be continued (IRR 99%, NPV 27,883,981.46 to 16,076,282,505.24 and Net B/C of 1.02 to 1.32), the sensitivity analysis showed that the cost of production to the scale of costs decreased, namely the decline in production below 20%. Application: The creativity of producers in the marketing of processed coffee products and innovation of flavour variants is important for consumer attractiveness in maintaining the stability of agro-industry income. Novelty: As for the role of the government, the seven production units have received guidance, counselling, and training.

You Are the One I Want to Communicate With!

2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 16-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Pierucci ◽  
Olivier Klein ◽  
Andrea Carnaghi
Keyword(s):  
Memory Bias ◽  
Shared Reality ◽  
Communication Partner ◽  
Shared Reality Theory ◽  
The One ◽  
Study Participants

This article investigates the role of relational motives in the saying-is-believing effect ( Higgins & Rholes, 1978 ). Building on shared reality theory, we expected this effect to be most likely when communicators were motivated to “get along” with the audience. In the current study, participants were asked to describe an ambiguous target to an audience who either liked or disliked the target. The audience had been previously evaluated as a desirable vs. undesirable communication partner. Only participants who communicated with a desirable audience tuned their messages to suit their audience’s attitude toward the target. In line with predictions, they also displayed an audience-congruent memory bias in later recall.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document