Electron-scale temperature gradients in kinetic equilibrium: MMS observations and Vlasov–Maxwell solutions

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 122902
Author(s):  
J. R. Shuster ◽  
N. Bessho ◽  
S. Wang ◽  
J. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Scale Temperature ◽  
Kinetic Equilibrium

scholarly journals Flow Field Study of a Top Heated Immiscible Liquid Layer Adjacent to Ice

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamed Farmahini Farahani ◽  
Tatsunori Hayashi ◽  
Hirotaka Sakaue ◽  
Ali S. Rangwala
Keyword(s):  
Free Surface ◽  
Flow Field ◽  
Immiscible Liquid ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Density Gradients ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Scale Temperature ◽  
Horizontal Temperature Gradients

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the flow field of a top-heated liquid fuel adjacent to an ice block. The experimental setup consisted of a borosilicate container containing an ice wall and a layer of n-heptane heated from above. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Background Oriented Schlieren (BOS) measurements were conducted on the liquid -phase. PIV measurements showed a surface flow toward the ice caused by surface -tension forces, which is driven by the horizontal temperature gradients on the liquid surface. A recirculation zone was observed under the free surface and near the ice. The combination of the two flow patterns caused lateral intrusion in the ice, instead of a uniform melting across ice surface. BOS measurements indicated presence of density gradients below the free surface of n-heptane and in regions near the ice block. These density gradients were created by local small-scale temperature gradients. The current experiments were conducted to explore the processes that influence the ice melting by immiscible liquid layers.

Mapping nanometre-scale temperature gradients in patterned cobalt-nickel silicide films

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Cannaerts ◽  
O Chamirian ◽  
K Maex ◽  
C Van Haesendonck
Keyword(s):  
Nickel Silicide ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Cobalt Nickel ◽  
Scale Temperature
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