scholarly journals Point defects in crystals of charged colloids

2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (16) ◽  
pp. 164905
Author(s):  
Rinske M. Alkemade ◽  
Marjolein de Jager ◽  
Berend van der Meer ◽  
Frank Smallenburg ◽  
Laura Filion
Author(s):  
Kenneth R. Lawless

One of the most important applications of the electron microscope in recent years has been to the observation of defects in crystals. Replica techniques have been widely utilized for many years for the observation of surface defects, but more recently the most striking use of the electron microscope has been for the direct observation of internal defects in crystals, utilizing the transmission of electrons through thin samples.Defects in crystals may be classified basically as point defects, line defects, and planar defects, all of which play an important role in determining the physical or chemical properties of a material. Point defects are of two types, either vacancies where individual atoms are missing from lattice sites, or interstitials where an atom is situated in between normal lattice sites. The so-called point defects most commonly observed are actually aggregates of either vacancies or interstitials. Details of crystal defects of this type are considered in the special session on “Irradiation Effects in Materials” and will not be considered in detail in this session.


Earlier papers in this series have presented a general formulation of the kinetic theory of isothermal atomic transport via point defects. This has been used to derive expressions for the macroscopic transport coefficients and to analyse the response to time-dependent fields in terms of parameters characterizing the defects and their interaction with solute atoms, etc. In this paper it is shown that these transport coefficients and response functions are invariant with respect to a class of transformations of the quantities representing the defect displacements in all the transitions considered. In this way the exact equivalence of these results of kinetic theory to corresponding results of the linear response theory of Allnatt and Okamura is demonstrated.


1970 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 1225-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Sachdev ◽  
J Mahanty

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