Abstract
Three photocatalysts (CdS, ZnFe2O4, and NiFe2O4) were synthesized and their ability to photodegrade methylene blue (MB) was evaluated. MB was degraded by both spinel photocatalysts under visible light at room temperature, although their efficacy was less than that for CdS. The photocatalytic efficacies of NiFe2O4 were observed to be much greater than that for ZnFe2O4. All the synthesized nanoparticles absorbed visible light, while CdS had a larger absorption range within the visible light spectra and the most porous surface. Photo-deactivation was observed during the study, which could be due to the chemical adsorption of the degraded products on the catalyst surface. The factors that affected MB removal efficacy include the absorption range of photocatalysts, initial MB concentrations, amount of photocatalysts added, and photoreactor conditions. Life cycle analysis was used to compare the preparation methods of the photocatalysts in terms of energy consumption and environmental impact. The results showed that the hydrothermal method for NiFe2O4 preparation was less energy-intensive than the sol-gel method for CdS and ZnFe2O4 as the hydrothermal method is effective over a wider range of temperatures in aqueous media. Also, as ZnFe2O4, and NiFe2O4 have lower environmental impacts than CdS both show promise as photocatalysts.
Fast deuteron diagnostics using visible light spectra of 3He produced by deuteron–deuteron reaction in deuterium plasmas