Multistep immersion casting of plasmonic nanoparticle assemblage for efficient solar shortwave radiation absorption

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya S. More ◽  
G. Ravindranath ◽  
Sagar More ◽  
Santosh More
Keyword(s):  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Plasmonic Nanoparticle

scholarly journals Impacts of Aerosol Shortwave Radiation Absorption on the Dynamics of an Idealized Convective Atmospheric Boundary Layer

2013 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Barbaro ◽  
J. Vilà-Guerau de Arellano ◽  
M. C. Krol ◽  
A. A. M. Holtslag
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Boundary Layer ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Absorption

scholarly journals Radiative effect and climate impacts of brown carbon with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 17745-17768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hunter Brown ◽  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Yan Feng ◽  
Yiquan Jiang ◽  
Mingxuan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Model Comparison ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Radiative Effect ◽  
Radiative Effects ◽  
Brown Carbon ◽  
Community Atmosphere Model ◽  
Atmosphere Model

Abstract. A recent development in the representation of aerosols in climate models is the realization that some components of organic aerosol (OA), emitted from biomass and biofuel burning, can have a significant contribution to shortwave radiation absorption in the atmosphere. The absorbing fraction of OA is referred to as brown carbon (BrC). This study introduces one of the first implementations of BrC into the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5), using a parameterization for BrC absorptivity described in Saleh et al. (2014). Nine-year experiments are run (2003–2011) with prescribed emissions and sea surface temperatures to analyze the effect of BrC in the atmosphere. Model validation is conducted via model comparison to single-scatter albedo and aerosol optical depth from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). This comparison reveals a model underestimation of single scattering albedo (SSA) in biomass burning regions for both default and BrC model runs, while a comparison between AERONET and the model absorption Ångström exponent shows a marked improvement with BrC implementation. Global annual average radiative effects are calculated due to aerosol–radiation interaction (REari; 0.13±0.01 W m−2) and aerosol–cloud interaction (REaci; 0.01±0.04 W m−2). REari is similar to other studies' estimations of BrC direct radiative effect, while REaci indicates a global reduction in low clouds due to the BrC semi-direct effect. The mechanisms for these physical changes are investigated and found to correspond with changes in global circulation patterns. Comparisons of BrC implementation approaches find that this implementation predicts a lower BrC REari in the Arctic regions than previous studies with CAM5. Implementation of BrC bleaching effect shows a significant reduction in REari (0.06±0.008 W m−2). Also, variations in OA density can lead to differences in REari and REaci, indicating the importance of specifying this property when estimating the BrC radiative effects and when comparing similar studies.

scholarly journals What would have happened to the ozone layer if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been regulated?

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 2113-2128 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Newman ◽  
L. D. Oman ◽  
A. R. Douglass ◽  
E. L. Fleming ◽  
S. M. Frith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Science Research ◽  
Ozone Hole ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Radiation Chemical ◽  
Northern Summer ◽  
Antarctic Ozone ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Ozone Hole

Abstract. Ozone depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was first proposed by Molina and Rowland in their 1974 Nature paper. Since that time, the scientific connection between ozone losses and CFCs and other ozone depleting substances (ODSs) has been firmly established with laboratory measurements, atmospheric observations, and modeling studies. This science research led to the implementation of international agreements that largely stopped the production of ODSs. In this study we use a fully-coupled radiation-chemical-dynamical model to simulate a future world where ODSs were never regulated and ODS production grew at an annual rate of 3%. In this "world avoided" simulation, 17% of the globally-averaged column ozone is destroyed by 2020, and 67% is destroyed by 2065 in comparison to 1980. Large ozone depletions in the polar region become year-round rather than just seasonal as is currently observed in the Antarctic ozone hole. Very large temperature decreases are observed in response to circulation changes and decreased shortwave radiation absorption by ozone. Ozone levels in the tropical lower stratosphere remain constant until about 2053 and then collapse to near zero by 2058 as a result of heterogeneous chemical processes (as currently observed in the Antarctic ozone hole). The tropical cooling that triggers the ozone collapse is caused by an increase of the tropical upwelling. In response to ozone changes, ultraviolet radiation increases, more than doubling the erythemal radiation in the northern summer midlatitudes by 2060.

scholarly journals On shortwave radiation absorption in overcast atmospheres

1999 ◽  
Vol 104 (D18) ◽  
pp. 22233-22241 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. K. Fung ◽  
V. Ramaswamy
Keyword(s):  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Absorption

scholarly journals What would have happened to the ozone layer if chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) had not been regulated?

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 20565-20606 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Newman ◽  
L. D. Oman ◽  
A. R. Douglass ◽  
E. L. Fleming ◽  
S. M. Frith ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Science Research ◽  
Ozone Hole ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Large Temperature ◽  
Radiation Chemical ◽  
Northern Summer ◽  
Antarctic Ozone ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Antarctic Ozone Hole

Abstract. Ozone depletion by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) was first proposed by Molina and Rowland in their 1974 Nature paper. Since that time, the scientific connection between ozone losses and CFCs and other ozone depleting substances (ODSs) has been firmly established with laboratory measurements, atmospheric observations, and modeling research. This science research led to the implementation of international agreements that largely stopped the production of ODSs. In this study we use a fully-coupled radiation-chemical-dynamical model to simulate a future world where ODSs were never regulated and ODS production grew at an annual rate of 3%. In this "world avoided" simulation, 17% of the globally-average column ozone is destroyed by 2020, and 67% is destroyed by 2065 in comparison to 1980. Large ozone depletions in the polar region become year-round rather than just seasonal as is currently observed in the Antarctic ozone hole. Very large temperature decreases are observed in response to circulation changes and decreased shortwave radiation absorption by ozone. Ozone levels in the tropical lower stratosphere remain constant until about 2053 and then collapse to near zero by 2058 as a result of heterogeneous chemical processes (as currently observed in the Antarctic ozone hole). The tropical cooling that triggers the ozone collapse is caused by an increase of the tropical upwelling. In response to ozone changes, ultraviolet radiation increases, more than doubling the erythemal radiation in the northern summer midlatitudes by 2060.

scholarly journals Challenging the Greenhouse Effect Specification and the Climate Sensitivity of the IPCC

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Antero Ollila
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Sensitivity ◽  
Greenhouse Effect ◽  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Heating Effect ◽  
Downward Radiation

The greenhouse effect concept has been developed to explain the Earth’s elevated temperature. The prevailing theory of climate change is the anthropogenic global warming theory, which assumes that the greenhouse (GH) effect is due to the longwave (LW) absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by GH gases and clouds. The actual warming increase to 33°C of the Earth’s surface temperature according to the present GH effect definition is the infrared downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 emitted by the atmosphere. The atmosphere’s temperature is the key element behind this radiation. According to the energy laws, it is not possible that the LW absorption of 155.6 Wm-2 by the GH gases could re-emit downward LW radiation of 345.6 Wm-2 on the Earth’s surface. In this study, the GH effect is 294.5 Wm-2, including shortwave radiation absorption by the atmosphere and the latent and sensible heating effect. This greater GH effect is a prerequisite for the present atmospheric temperature, which provides downward radiation on the surface. Clouds’ net effect is 1% based on the empirical observations. The contribution of CO2 in the GH effect is 7.3% corresponding to 2.4°C in temperature. The reproduction of CO2 radiative forcing (RF) showed the climate sensitivity RF value to be 2.16 Wm-2, which is 41.6% smaller than the 3.7 Wm-2 used by the IPCC. A climate model showing a climate sensitivity (CS) of 0.6°C matches the CO2 contribution in the GH effect, but the IPCC’s climate model showing a CS of 1.8°C or 1.2°C does not.

scholarly journals Analysis and Comparison of Shading Strategies to Increase Human Thermal Comfort in Urban Areas

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Lee ◽  
James Voogt ◽  
Terry Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Absorption ◽  
Main Determinant ◽  
Comfort Index ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
The Impact

With the expected increase in warmer conditions caused by climate change, heat-related illnesses are becoming a more pressing issue. One way that humans can protect themselves from this is to seek shade. The design of urban spaces can provide individuals with a variety of ways to obtain this shade. The objective of this study was to perform a detailed evaluation and comparison of three shading strategies that could be used in an urban environment: shade from a building, from a tree, and from an umbrella. This was done through using field measurements to calculate the impact of each strategy on a thermal comfort index (Comfort Formula (COMFA)) in two urban settings during sunny days of the summer of 2013 and 2014 in London, Canada. Building shade was found to be the most effective cooling strategy, followed by the tree strategy and the umbrella strategy. As expected, the main determinant of this ranking was a strategy’s ability to block incoming shortwave radiation. Further analysis indicated that changes in the convective loss of energy and in longwave radiation absorption had a smaller impact that caused variations in the strategy effectiveness between settings. This suggests that under non-sunny days, these rankings could change.

Evaluation of net shortwave radiation over China with a regional climate model

2020 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-163
Author(s):  
X Liu ◽  
Y Kang ◽  
Q Liu ◽  
Z Guo ◽  
Y Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Climate Model ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Radiation Budget ◽  
Shortwave Radiation ◽  
Monsoon Region ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Sky Conditions

The regional climate model RegCM version 4.6, developed by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis, was used to simulate the radiation budget over China. Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) satellite data were utilized to evaluate the simulation results based on 4 radiative components: net shortwave (NSW) radiation at the surface of the earth and top of the atmosphere (TOA) under all-sky and clear-sky conditions. The performance of the model for low-value areas of NSW was superior to that for high-value areas. NSW at the surface and TOA under all-sky conditions was significantly underestimated; the spatial distribution of the bias was negative in the north and positive in the south, bounded by 25°N for the annual and seasonal averaged difference maps. Compared with the all-sky condition, the simulation effect under clear-sky conditions was significantly better, which indicates that the cloud fraction is the key factor affecting the accuracy of the simulation. In particular, the bias of the TOA NSW under the clear-sky condition was <±10 W m-2 in the eastern areas. The performance of the model was better over the eastern monsoon region in winter and autumn for surface NSW under clear-sky conditions, which may be related to different levels of air pollution during each season. Among the 3 areas, the regional average biases overall were largest (negative) over the Qinghai-Tibet alpine region and smallest over the eastern monsoon region.

Size-dependent emission of a dipole coupled to a metal nanoparticle

MRS Advances ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (62) ◽  
pp. 3315-3325
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Savchuk ◽  
Arthur R. Knize ◽  
Pavlo Pinchuk ◽  
Anatoliy O. Pinchuk
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Quantum Yield ◽  
Electric Dipole ◽  
Incident Radiation ◽  
Metal Nanoparticle ◽  
Plasmonic Nanoparticle ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Emission Enhancement ◽  
Electric Dipoles

AbstractWe present a systematic numerical analysis of the quantum yield of an electric dipole coupled to a plasmonic nanoparticle. We observe that the yield is highly dependent on the distance between the electric dipole and the nanoparticle, the size and permittivity of the nanoparticle, and the wavelength of the incident radiation. Our results indicate that enhancement of the quantum yield is only possible for electric dipoles coupled to a nanoparticle with a radius of 20 nm or larger. As the size of the nanoparticle is increased, emission enhancement occurs at wavelengths dependent on the coupling distance.

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