Experimental set-up for Boltzmann constant determination by equipartition theorem for capacitors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. M. Mishonov ◽  
A. A. Stefanov ◽  
E. G. Petkov ◽  
I. M. Dimitrova ◽  
V. N. Gourev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Constant ◽  
Constant Determination ◽  
Equipartition Theorem ◽  
Set Up

A New Precision Spectroscopy Based Method for Boltzmann Constant Determination and Primary Thermometry

2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (28) ◽  
pp. 6026-6030 ◽  
Author(s):  
Santamaria Amato Luigi ◽  
Mario Siciliani de Cumis ◽  
Daniele Dequal ◽  
Giuseppe Bianco ◽  
Cancio Pastor Pablo
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Constant ◽  
Precision Spectroscopy ◽  
Primary Thermometry ◽  
Constant Determination

scholarly journals Determination of the Boltzmann constant by the equipartition theorem for capacitors

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 035102 ◽  
Author(s):  
T M Mishonov ◽  
Vassil N Gourev ◽  
I M Dimitrova ◽  
N S Serafimov ◽  
A A Stefanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Constant ◽  
Equipartition Theorem

scholarly journals Application of cavity ring-down spectroscopy to the Boltzmann constant determination

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (21) ◽  
pp. 19993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. R. Sun ◽  
H. Pan ◽  
C.-F. Cheng ◽  
A.-W. Liu ◽  
J.-T. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Constant ◽  
Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy ◽  
Constant Determination ◽  
Cavity Ring Down

Thermodynamical dimensional reduction in a UV & IR-deformed Snyder space

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1750126
Author(s):  
Kourosh Nozari ◽  
Hamed Ramezani
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Oscillator ◽  
Dimensional Reduction ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Length Scale ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Six Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Thermodynamical Properties ◽  
Equipartition Theorem ◽  
Oscillator Length ◽  
Set Up

We study a formulation of statistical mechanics in the context of symplectic structures of the IR and also UV & IR-deformed Snyder phase-spaces. We derive the corresponding invariant Liouville volume and by using it we obtain the deformed partition function. We then study the thermodynamical properties of the 3-dimensional harmonic oscillator in this set-up. By using the equipartition theorem, we show that two of the six degrees of freedom for a 3-dimensional harmonic oscillator will be frozen as the temperature increases. Also, at a constant temperature, whatever is the increase in oscillator length, this reduction of the number of degrees of freedom gets more and more appreciable and it offers an effective dimensional reduction of space from [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text] when it is close to the IR-length scale.

scholarly journals A Boltzmann constant determination based on Johnson noise thermometry

Metrologia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
N E Flowers-Jacobs ◽  
A Pollarolo ◽  
K J Coakley ◽  
A E Fox ◽  
H Rogalla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boltzmann Constant ◽  
Johnson Noise ◽  
Noise Thermometry ◽  
Constant Determination ◽  
Johnson Noise Thermometry

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Clay-Rich Soil Texture

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 466-467
Author(s):  
T. G. Naymik
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen Temperature ◽  
Drying Methods ◽  
Air Drying ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Critical Point Drying ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Quartz Grains

Three techniques were incorporated for drying clay-rich specimens: air-drying, freeze-drying and critical point drying. In air-drying, the specimens were set out for several days to dry or were placed in an oven (80°F) for several hours. The freeze-dried specimens were frozen by immersion in liquid nitrogen or in isopentane at near liquid nitrogen temperature and then were immediately placed in the freeze-dry vacuum chamber. The critical point specimens were molded in agar immediately after sampling. When the agar had set up the dehydration series, water-alcohol-amyl acetate-CO2 was carried out. The objectives were to compare the fabric plasmas (clays and precipitates), fabricskeletons (quartz grains) and the relationship between them for each drying technique. The three drying methods are not only applicable to the study of treated soils, but can be incorporated into all SEM clay soil studies.

Evaluation of Freezing Methods by Low Temperature X-Ray Diffraction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 330-333
Author(s):  
T. Gulik-Krzywicki ◽  
M.J. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Biological Materials ◽  
Molecular Organization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Glass Capillary ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Set Up

Freeze-etching electron microscopy is currently one of the best methods for studying molecular organization of biological materials. Its application, however, is still limited by our imprecise knowledge about the perturbations of the original organization which may occur during quenching and fracturing of the samples and during the replication of fractured surfaces. Although it is well known that the preservation of the molecular organization of biological materials is critically dependent on the rate of freezing of the samples, little information is presently available concerning the nature and the extent of freezing-rate dependent perturbations of the original organizations. In order to obtain this information, we have developed a method based on the comparison of x-ray diffraction patterns of samples before and after freezing, prior to fracturing and replication.Our experimental set-up is shown in Fig. 1. The sample to be quenched is placed on its holder which is then mounted on a small metal holder (O) fixed on a glass capillary (p), whose position is controlled by a micromanipulator.

Eels Under Standing Wave Conditions

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 492-495
Author(s):  
O.L. Krivanek ◽  
J. TaftØ
Keyword(s):  
Standing Wave ◽  
Wave Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Site ◽  
Complex Crystal

It is well known that a standing electron wavefield can be set up in a crystal such that its intensity peaks at the atomic sites or between the sites or in the case of more complex crystal, at one or another type of a site. The effect is usually referred to as channelling but this term is not entirely appropriate; by analogy with the more established particle channelling, electrons would have to be described as channelling either through the channels or through the channel walls, depending on the diffraction conditions.

Low-Loss Images in a Stem/Tem Microscope

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 496-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Joy ◽  
Dennis M. Maher
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Topography ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Glancing Angle ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Conventional Manner ◽  
Objective Type

High-resolution images of the surface topography of solid specimens can be obtained using the low-loss technique of Wells. If the specimen is placed inside a lens of the condenser/objective type, then it has been shown that the lens itself can be used to collect and filter the low-loss electrons. Since the probeforming lenses in TEM instruments fitted with scanning attachments are of this type, low-loss imaging should be possible.High-resolution, low-loss images have been obtained in a JEOL JEM 100B fitted with a scanning attachment and a thermal, fieldemission gun. No modifications were made to the instrument, but a wedge-shaped, specimen holder was made to fit the side-entry, goniometer stage. Thus the specimen is oriented initially at a glancing angle of about 30° to the beam direction. The instrument is set up in the conventional manner for STEM operation with all the lenses, including the projector, excited.

UHV-TEM studies of laser-induced damage

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 632-633
Author(s):  
T.S. Savage ◽  
R. Ai ◽  
D. Dunn ◽  
L.D. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Surface Science ◽  
Rapid Heating ◽  
Local Heating ◽  
Routine Practice ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Northwestern University ◽  
Laser Induced Damage ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Focusing Lens ◽  
Diffusion Of Impurities

The use of lasers for surface annealing, heating and/or damage has become a routine practice in the study of materials. Lasers have been closely looked at as an annealing technique for silicon and other semiconductors. They allow for local heating from a beam which can be focused and tuned to different wavelengths for specific tasks. Pulsed dye lasers allow for short, quick bursts which can allow the sample to be rapidly heated and quenched. This short, rapid heating period may be important for cases where diffusion of impurities or dopants may not be desirable.At Northwestern University, a Candela SLL - 250 pulsed dye laser, with a maximum power of 1 Joule/pulse over 350 - 400 nanoseconds, has been set up in conjunction with a Hitachi UHV-H9000 transmission electron microscope. The laser beam is introduced into the surface science chamber through a series of mirrors, a focusing lens and a six inch quartz window.

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