Development of the device for measuring the thickness of a quasi-liquid layer on the ice surface

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasily Ostrovsky ◽  
Anatoliy Tyagunin ◽  
Alexey Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer

scholarly journals The Electrical Properties of Ice Surfaces

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (85) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norikazu Maeno ◽  
Hiroshi Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Surface Conductivity ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Ice Surfaces ◽  
Ionic States

Abstract The surface conductivity of monocrystalline ice was measured as a function of temperature impurity concentration, field-strength, and other variables. At temperature, below about –6°C the surface conductivity was found to follow the Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 33±2 kcal mol−1 (1.43±0.09 eV). Small amounts of impurities contained within the ice increased the surface conductivity and decreased the actuation energy: for HF-doped ice the activation energy was reduced to 10.0 kcal mol−1 (0.44 eV). Mechanical treatment of the ice surface increased the surface conduction. At temperatures above about —6°C the surface conductivity increased more rapidly with the rise in temperature; this is explained in terms of the appearance and development of a quasi-liquid layer on the ice surface. The electrical behaviour of sublimed ice surfaces was found to vary at a temperature around —9°C. At higher temperature a sharp, instantaneous current increase was observed as evacuation began; this was considered to be caused by the formation of ionic states due to the rapid evaporation of quasi-liquid layers. It was concluded that the temperature above which the ice surface was covered with a quasi-liquid layer lay in the range — 6 to — 9°C.

scholarly journals The Electrical Properties of Ice Surfaces

1978 ◽  
Vol 21 (85) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norikazu Maeno ◽  
Hiroshi Nishimura
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Surface Conductivity ◽  
Current Increase ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Ice Surfaces ◽  
Ionic States

AbstractThe surface conductivity of monocrystalline ice was measured as a function of temperature impurity concentration, field-strength, and other variables. At temperature, below about –6°C the surface conductivity was found to follow the Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of 33±2 kcal mol−1 (1.43±0.09 eV). Small amounts of impurities contained within the ice increased the surface conductivity and decreased the actuation energy: for HF-doped ice the activation energy was reduced to 10.0 kcal mol−1 (0.44 eV). Mechanical treatment of the ice surface increased the surface conduction. At temperatures above about —6°C the surface conductivity increased more rapidly with the rise in temperature; this is explained in terms of the appearance and development of a quasi-liquid layer on the ice surface. The electrical behaviour of sublimed ice surfaces was found to vary at a temperature around —9°C. At higher temperature a sharp, instantaneous current increase was observed as evacuation began; this was considered to be caused by the formation of ionic states due to the rapid evaporation of quasi-liquid layers. It was concluded that the temperature above which the ice surface was covered with a quasi-liquid layer lay in the range — 6 to — 9°C.

scholarly journals The Quasi-Liquid Layer of ice revisited: the role of temperature gradients and tip chemistry in AFM studies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián Gelman Constantin ◽  
Melisa M. Gianetti ◽  
María P. Longinotti ◽  
Horacio R. Corti
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Afm Tips ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer ◽  
Force Curves

Abstract. In this work, we present new results of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) force curves over pure ice at different temperatures, performed with two different environmental chambers and different kind of AFM tips. Our results provide insight to resolve the controversy on the interpretation of experimental AFM curves on the ice-air interface for determining the thickness of the quasi-liquid layer (QLL). The use of a mini environmental chamber, that provides an accurate control of the temperature and humidity of the gases in contact with the sample, allowed us for the first time to get force curves over the ice-air interface without jump-in (jumps of the tip onto the ice surface, widely observed in previous studies). These results suggest a QLL thickness below 1 nm within the explored temperature range (−7 ºC to −2 ºC). This upper bound is significantly lower than most of the previous AFM results, which suggests that previous authors overestimate the equilibrium QLL thickness, due to temperature gradients, or indentation of ice during the jump-in. Additionally, we proved that the hydrophobicity of AFM tips affects significantly the results of the experiments. Overall, this work shows that, if one chooses properly the experimental conditions, the QLL thicknesses obtained by AFM lay over the lower bound of the highly disperse results reported in the literature. This allows estimating upper boundaries for the QLL thicknesses, which is relevant to validate QLL theories, and to improve multiphase atmospheric chemistry models.

scholarly journals The quasi-liquid layer of ice revisited: the role of temperature gradients and tip chemistry in AFM studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 14965-14978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julián Gelman Constantin ◽  
Melisa M. Gianetti ◽  
María P. Longinotti ◽  
Horacio R. Corti
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Atmospheric Chemistry ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
Air Interface ◽  
Afm Tips ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer ◽  
Force Curves

Abstract. In this work, we present new results of atomic force microscopy (AFM) force curves over pure ice at different temperatures, performed with two different environmental chambers and different kinds of AFM tips. Our results provide insight to resolve the controversy on the interpretation of experimental AFM curves on the ice–air interface for determining the thickness of the quasi-liquid layer (QLL). The use of a Mini Environmental Chamber (mEC) that provides an accurate control of the temperature and humidity of the gases in contact with the sample allowed us for the first time to get force curves over the ice–air interface without jump-in (jump of the tip onto the ice surface, widely observed in previous studies). These results suggest a QLL thickness below 1 nm within the explored temperature range (−7 to −2 ∘C). This upper bound is significantly lower than most of the previous AFM results, which suggests that previous authors overestimate the equilibrium QLL thickness, due to temperature gradients, or indentation of ice during the jump-in. Additionally, we proved that the hydrophobicity of AFM tips affects significantly the results of the experiments. Overall, this work shows that, if one chooses the experimental conditions properly, the QLL thicknesses obtained by AFM lie over the lower bound of the highly disperse results reported in the literature. This allows estimating upper boundaries for the QLL thicknesses, which is relevant to validate QLL theories and to improve multiphase atmospheric chemistry models.

An Analytical Thermodynamic Approach to Friction of Rubber on Ice

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-150
Author(s):  
Klaus Wiese ◽  
Thiemo M. Kessel ◽  
Reinhard Mundl ◽  
Burkhard Wies
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Contact Area ◽  
Leading Edge ◽  
Viscous Friction ◽  
Analytical Approximation ◽  
Real Contact Area ◽  
Length Scales ◽  
Real Contact ◽  
Ice Surface

ABSTRACT The presented investigation is motivated by the need for performance improvement in winter tires, based on the idea of innovative “functional” surfaces. Current tread design features focus on macroscopic length scales. The potential of microscopic surface effects for friction on wintery roads has not been considered extensively yet. We limit our considerations to length scales for which rubber is rough, in contrast to a perfectly smooth ice surface. Therefore we assume that the only source of frictional forces is the viscosity of a sheared intermediate thin liquid layer of melted ice. Rubber hysteresis and adhesion effects are considered to be negligible. The height of the liquid layer is driven by an equilibrium between the heat built up by viscous friction, energy consumption for phase transition between ice and water, and heat flow into the cold underlying ice. In addition, the microscopic “squeeze-out” phenomena of melted water resulting from rubber asperities are also taken into consideration. The size and microscopic real contact area of these asperities are derived from roughness parameters of the free rubber surface using Greenwood-Williamson contact theory and compared with the measured real contact area. The derived one-dimensional differential equation for the height of an averaged liquid layer is solved for stationary sliding by a piecewise analytical approximation. The frictional shear forces are deduced and integrated over the whole macroscopic contact area to result in a global coefficient of friction. The boundary condition at the leading edge of the contact area is prescribed by the height of a “quasi-liquid layer,” which already exists on the “free” ice surface. It turns out that this approach meets the measured coefficient of friction in the laboratory. More precisely, the calculated dependencies of the friction coefficient on ice temperature, sliding speed, and contact pressure are confirmed by measurements of a simple rubber block sample on artificial ice in the laboratory.

scholarly journals 1-D Air-snowpack modeling of atmospheric nitrous acid at South Pole during ANTCI 2003

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (23) ◽  
pp. 7087-7099 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Liao ◽  
D. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Nitrite Concentration ◽  
Mechanical Dispersion ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer ◽  
D Model

Abstract. A 1-D air-snowpack model of HONO has been developed and constrained by observed chemistry and meteorology data. The 1-D model includes molecular diffusion and mechanical dispersion, windpumping in snow, gas phase to quasi-liquid layer phase HONO transfer and quasi-liquid layer nitrate and interstitial air HONO photolysis. Photolysis of nitrate is important as a dominant HONO source inside the snowpack, however, the observed HONO emission from the snowpack was triggered mainly by the equilibrium between quasi liquid layer nitrite and firn air HONO deep down the snow surface (i.e. 30 cm below snow surface). The high concentration of HONO in the firn air is subsequently transported above the snowpack by diffusion and windpumping. The model uncertainties come mainly from lack of measurements and the interpretation of the QLL properties based on the bulk snow measurements. One critical factor is the ionic strength of QLL nitrite, which is estimated here by the bulk snow pH, nitrite concentration, and QLL to bulk snow volume ratio.

scholarly journals Multiphase modeling of nitrate photochemistry in the quasi-liquid layer (QLL): implications for NO<sub>x</sub> release from the Arctic and coastal Antarctic snowpack

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (16) ◽  
pp. 4855-4864 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. S. Boxe ◽  
A. Saiz-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Solar Spectrum ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Multiphase Model ◽  
Gas Phase Reactions ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer ◽  
Summer Range

Abstract. We utilize a multiphase model, CON-AIR (Condensed Phase to Air Transfer Model), to show that the photochemistry of nitrate (NO3−) in and on ice and snow surfaces, specifically the quasi-liquid layer (QLL), can account for NOx volume fluxes, concentrations, and [NO]/[NO2] (γ=[NO]/[NO2]) measured just above the Arctic and coastal Antarctic snowpack. Maximum gas phase NOx volume fluxes, concentrations and γ simulated for spring and summer range from 5.0×104 to 6.4×105 molecules cm−3 s−1, 5.7×108 to 4.8×109 molecules cm−3, and ~0.8 to 2.2, respectively, which are comparable to gas phase NOx volume fluxes, concentrations and γ measured in the field. The model incorporates the appropriate actinic solar spectrum, thereby properly weighting the different rates of photolysis of NO3− and NO2−. This is important since the immediate precursor for NO, for example, NO2−, absorbs at wavelengths longer than nitrate itself. Finally, one-dimensional model simulations indicate that both gas phase boundary layer NO and NO2 exhibit a negative concentration gradient as a function of height although [NO]/[NO2] are approximately constant. This gradient is primarily attributed to gas phase reactions of NOx with halogens oxides (i.e. as BrO and IO), HOx, and hydrocarbons, such as CH3O2.

scholarly journals 1-D air-snowpack modeling of atmospheric nitrous acid at South Pole during ANTCI 2003

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 9731-9759
Author(s):  
◽  
D. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Molecular Diffusion ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Snow Surface ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Nitrite Concentration ◽  
Mechanical Dispersion ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer ◽  
D Model

Abstract. A 1-D air-snowpack model of HONO has been developed and constrained by observed chemistry and meteorology data. The 1-D model includes molecular diffusion and mechanical dispersion, windpumping in snow, gas phase to quasi-liquid layer phase HONO transfer and quasi-liquid layer nitrate and interstitial air HONO photolysis. Photolysis of nitrate is important as a dominant HONO source inside the snowpack, however, the observed HONO emission from the snowpack was triggered mainly by the equilibrium between quasi liquid layer nitrite and firn air HONO deep down the snow surface (i.e. 30 cm below snow surface). The high concentration of HONO in the firn air is subsequently transported above the snowpack by diffusion and windpumping. The model uncertainties come mainly from lack of measurements and the interpretation of the QLL properties based on the bulk snow measurements. One critical factor is the ionic strength of QLL nitrite, which is estimated here by the bulk snow pH, nitrite concentration, and QLL to bulk snow volume ratio.

scholarly journals Plasmon-Enhanced Photothermal and Optomechanical Deformations of a Gold Nanoparticle

Nanomaterials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1881
Author(s):  
Jiunn-Woei Liaw ◽  
Guanting Liu ◽  
Yun-Cheng Ku ◽  
Mao-Kuen Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticle ◽  
Liquid Layer ◽  
Viscoelastic Model ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Photothermal Effect ◽  
Continuous Heating ◽  
Heating Process ◽  
Elastic Model ◽  
Linearly Polarized ◽  
Quasi Liquid Layer

Plasmon-enhanced photothermal and optomechanical effects on deforming and reshaping a gold nanoparticle (NP) are studied theoretically. A previous paper (Wang and Ding, ACS Nano 13, 32–37, 2019) has shown that a spherical gold nanoparticle (NP) irradiated by a tightly focused laser beam can be deformed into an elongated nanorod (NR) and even chopped in half (a dimer). The mechanism is supposed to be caused by photothermal heating for softening NP associated with optical traction for follow-up deformation. In this paper, our study focuses on deformation induced by Maxwell’s stress provided by a linearly polarized Gaussian beam upon the surface of a thermal-softened NP/NR. We use an elastic model to numerically calculate deformation according to optical traction and a viscoelastic model to theoretically estimate the following creep (elongation) as temperature nears the melting point. Our results indicate that a stretching traction at the two ends of the NP/NR causes elongation and a pinching traction at the middle causes a dent. Hence, a bigger NP can be elongated and then cut into two pieces (a dimer) at the dent due to the optomechanical effect. As the continuous heating process induces premelting of NPs, a quasi-liquid layer is formed first and then an outer liquid layer is induced due to reduction of surface energy, which was predicted by previous works of molecular dynamics simulation. Subsequently, we use the Young–Laplace model to investigate the surface tension effect on the following deformation. This study may provide an insight into utilizing the photothermal effect associated with optomechanical manipulation to tailor gold nanostructures.

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