Esterification free fatty acid in palm fatty acid distillate using sulfonated rice husk ash catalyst

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Hidayat ◽  
Bachrun Sutrisno
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Enhanced biodiesel production via esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using rice husk ash (NiSO4)/SiO2 catalyst

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Hajar Embong ◽  
Noor Hindryawati ◽  
Prakash Bhuyar ◽  
Natanamurugaraj Govindan ◽  
Mohd Hasbi Ab. Rahim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Convenient Conversion of Palm Fatty Acid Distillate to Biodiesel via Rice Husk Ash Catalyst

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zainab Ngaini ◽  
Nurfarahen Jamil ◽  
Rafeah Wahi ◽  
Farra Diana Shahrom ◽  
Zainal Abiddin Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

scholarly journals Bioavtur Synthesis from Palm Fatty Acid Distillate through Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking Processes

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-110
Author(s):  
J.S. Sabarman ◽  
E.H. Legowo ◽  
D.I. Widiputri ◽  
A.R. Siregar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Refinery ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
Solvent Ratio ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

Increasing concern in fossil fuel depletion and CO2 emissions create an urgent need for biofuel substitution. Bio-jet fuel is a possible alternative for conventional jet fuels which currently accounts for 2% of the world’s CO2 emission. Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) is the byproduct of palm oil refinery process, which has a potential to become a promising raw material for the synthesis of bioavtur due to its high free fatty acid content. The oil-to-jet pathway is a possible route to produce bioavtur from PFAD, which includes hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and hydroisomerization processes. This research aims to investigate the hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. The parameters that were investigated are temperature, solvent to PFAD ratio, catalyst loading, and pressure. The parameters variations were as follows: the temperature at 350oC and 400oC, the pressure at 40 bar and 32.5 bar, the solvent to PFAD ratio at 2:1 and 1:1, and the catalyst loading (%wt) at 1%, 2%, and 3%. Presulfided NiMo/γ-Al2O3 PIDO 120 1.3 was used for one-step hydrotreating and hydrocracking processes. Results indicated that the 400oC provided better free fatty acid (FFA) conversion. FFA is also almost completely removed when the catalyst used is 3% weight. Solvent to PFAD ratio affected the FFA conversion marginally, while higher catalyst loading (3%) improved the FFA conversion. Gas chromatography results show that the hydrocarbon chains are successfully hydrocracked into C9-C17. The best selectivity of the product to bioavtur range was calculated at 68.99%. Solvent ratio affects the hydrocracking more significantly than the catalyst loading. One sample with temperature operation 400oC and solvent to PFAD ratio 1:1 was in the range of conventional avtur density. With the method used in this study, it can be concluded that PFAD is a promising raw material for bioavtur. Keywords: Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), hydrotreating, hydrocracking, bioavtur

scholarly journals Pengaruh Penambahan Abu Sekam Padi Terhadap Peningkatan Kualitas Minyak Mandar

KOVALEN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-88
Author(s):  
Musafira ◽  
Dzulkifli ◽  
Hikmah ◽  
Nizar
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Coconut Oil

Mandar coconut oil is one of the coconut processed products, which has become superior product in West Sulawesi especially in Majene regency. Unfortunately, the Mandar coconut oil can’t be used more than a month because the water content and free fatty acid content of the oil have exceeded the maximum standard of SNI, so it can adversely affect on health. On the other hand, the existence of rice husk in Indonesia itself especially in West Sulawesi has not received attention and is limited to a few needs such as for ash or livestock feed, and the rest is thrown away. This research aims to determine the effect of rice husk ash addition on the increasing of Mandar coconut oil quality. Completely randomized design was used in this research with 6 rice husk ash concentration variation levels i.e. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. The result shows that the addition of rice husk ash with 10% to 25% can reduce the water content of the oil until the quality standard of SNI is full filled. The highest reduction of water content was reached with 25% of rice husk ash concentration with 81% of reduction percentage. While, the addition of rice husk ash with 15% concentration can reduce the free fatty acid content of Mandar coconut oil until 32%.

scholarly journals A Catalyst Reusability Study in Palm Fatty Acid Distillate and Glycerol Esterification using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis and Reaction Kinetics Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanifrahmawan Sudibyo ◽  
Febbie Setyaningrum ◽  
Rochmadi ◽  
Mohammad Fahrurrozi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Kinetic Study ◽  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Exchange Resin ◽  
Cation Exchange Resin ◽  
Palm Fatty Acid Distillate ◽  
Catalyst Reusability ◽  
Glycerol Esterification ◽  
Fatty Acid Distillate

As a byproduct of the physical refinement of crude palm oil, palm fatty acid distillate or PFAD has a potential to be transformed into monoglycerides by means of irreversible esterification with glycerol over a cation exchange resin catalyst. Irreversibility of the esterification can be assured by continuous azeotropic removal of water by adding xylene as an entrainer. Because PFAD-glycerol esterification demands high temperatures for fast conversion and high selectivity of monoglycerides, it is necessary to test catalyst reusability performance. In this research, evaluation of catalyst reusability performance was based on five parameters: free fatty acid conversion, the rate of free fatty acid decomposition, the selectivity of monoglycerides, monoglyceride concentration, and the cation exchange capacity of the catalyst. The cation exchange resin used was Tulsion T-42 SM. The evaluation was conducted using the simple multi-attribute rating technique extended to ranking (SMARTER) method. The results showed that the optimum reaction temperature was 180°C. Ultimately, a kinetic study at 180°C was also performed to model the reaction after using similar catalysts for certain times. This kinetic study revealed that the reaction mechanism changed from Langmuir-Hinshelwood to Eley-Rideal after several cycles of catalyst reuse.  

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN ADSORBSI ABU SEKAM PADI TERHADAP AIR DAN ASAM LEMAK BEBAS VIRGIN COCONUT OIL (VCO) DALAM KOLOM ADSORBSI

KOVALEN ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
Laras mariance Sulo ◽  
Khairuddin ◽  
Ruslan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Free Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Rice Husk Ash ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil

A research has been conducted on the adsorption ability of rice husk ash to water content and free fatty acid of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in the adsorption column. The objective of this research is to get the ratio of coarse VCO to rice husk ash adsorbent in the column that produces VCO with water content, free fatty acid that meets SNI and yields VCO yield not less than 80%. This study used a completely randomized factorial design (CRF design) with the effect of the amount of rice husk ash adsorbent (5g, 10g, 15g, 20g, 25g) in in columns 2.5 and 3 inches. The result of research on column 2.5 inch of the lowest water content (0.2%) was found on the weight of rice husk ash 25g and free fatty acid content on 25g ash husk ash was 0.1%. And at column 3.0 inch the lowest water content was found on 25g ash husk ash 0.1%, and the lowest free fatty acid content on ash weight of rice husk 25g was 0.2% and the best yield was 90%. Keywords: free fatty acid, rice husk ash adsorbent, moisture content, Virgin Coconut Oil

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