Anomalously large electro-optic Pockels effect at the air-water interface with an electric field applied parallel to the interface

2016 ◽  
Vol 108 (19) ◽  
pp. 191103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuto Suzuki ◽  
Kengo Osawa ◽  
Shunpei Yukita ◽  
Takayoshi Kobayashi ◽  
Eiji Tokunaga
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Pockels Effect ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Air Water Interface

scholarly journals Electro-Optic Control of Lithium Niobate Bulk Whispering Gallery Resonators: Analysis of the Distribution of Externally Applied Electric Fields

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 298
Author(s):  
Yannick Minet ◽  
Hans Zappe ◽  
Ingo Breunig ◽  
Karsten Buse
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Niobate ◽  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Frequency Comb ◽  
Parametric Oscillation ◽  
Pockels Effect ◽  
Optical Mode ◽  
Cylindrical Resonator ◽  
Whispering Gallery ◽  
Electro Optic

Whispering gallery resonators made out of lithium niobate allow for optical parametric oscillation and frequency comb generation employing the outstanding second-order nonlinear-optical properties of this material. An important knob to tune and control these processes is, e.g., the linear electro-optic effect, the Pockels effect via externally applied electric fields. Due to the shape of the resonators a precise prediction of the electric field strength that affects the optical mode is non-trivial. Here, we study the average strength of the electric field in z-direction in the region of the optical mode for different configurations and geometries of lithium niobate whispering gallery resonators with the help of the finite element method. We find that in some configurations almost 100% is present in the cavity compared to the ideal case of a cylindrical resonator. Even in the case of a few-mode resonator with a very thin rim we find a strength of 90%. Our results give useful design considerations for future arrangements that may benefit from the strong electro-optic effect in bulk whispering gallery resonators made out of lithium niobate.

scholarly journals Specific Ion Effects of Dodecyl Sulfate Surfactants with Alkali Ions at the Air–Water Interface

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (16) ◽  
pp. 2911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weißenborn ◽  
Braunschweig
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Resonance Frequency ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Head Group ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Surface Excess ◽  
Layer Potential ◽  
Air Water Interface ◽  
Dodecyl Sulfate ◽  
Na Ions

The influence of Li+, Na+ and Cs+ cations on the surface excess and structure of dodecyl sulfate (DS−) anions at the air–water interface was investigated with the vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) and surface tensiometry. Particularly, we have addressed the change in amplitude and frequency of the symmetric S-O stretching vibrations as a function of electrolyte and DS− concentration in the presence of Li+, Na+ and Cs+ cations. For the Li+ and Na+ ions, we show that the resonance frequency is shifted noticeably from 1055 cm−1 to 1063 cm−1 as a function of the surfactants’ surfaces excess, which we attribute to the vibrational Stark effect within the static electric field at the air–water interface. For Cs+ ions the resonance frequency is independent of the surfactant concentration with the S-O stretching band centered at 1063 cm−1. This frequency is identical to the frequency at the maximum surface excess when Li+ and Na+ ions are present and points to the ion pair formation between the sulfate headgroup and Cs+ counterions, which reduces the local electric field. In addition, SFG experiments of the O-H stretching bands of interfacial H2O molecules are used in order to calculate the apparent double layer potential and the degree of dissociation between the surfactant head group and the investigated cations. The latter was found to be 12.0%, 10.4% and 7.7% for lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and cesium dodecyl sulfate (CsDS) surfactants, which is in agreement with Collins ‘rule of matching water affinities’.

Controlling the Orientation of Purple Membrane Fragments on an Air/Water Interface by a New Method of Direct Electric Field Application during Purple Membrane Spreading

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (Part 1, No. 9A) ◽  
pp. 5674-5679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukihiro Sugiyama ◽  
Takakazu Inoue ◽  
Mineo Ikematsu ◽  
Masahiro Iseki ◽  
Tatsuhiko Sekiguchi
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Purple Membrane ◽  
Field Application ◽  
New Method ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Air Water Interface

scholarly journals Mapping of inhomogeneous quasi-3D electrostatic field in electro-optic materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Dědič ◽  
Tomáš Fridrišek ◽  
Jan Franc ◽  
Jan Kunc ◽  
Martin Rejhon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Internal Electric Field ◽  
Pockels Effect ◽  
Light Passing ◽  
Electro Optic ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Measurement And Evaluation ◽  
Gamma Ray Detector

AbstractThis paper describes a new method for direct measurement and evaluation of the inhomogeneous electrostatic vector field with translational symmetry in electro-optic materials exhibiting the Pockels effect. It is based on the evaluation of maximum transmittance of low intensity light passing through a sample under a voltage bias. Here, the sample is located between rotating crossed polarizers, and camera images are obtained at each point to determine the electric field. The evaluation procedure is demonstrated using data acquired on a CdZnTeSe quasi-hemispheric semiconductor gamma-ray detector. In addition to CdTe-related compounds, the method can be used for various other materials showing $$\overline{4}3m$$ 4 ¯ 3 m symmetry such as GaAs, CdTe, GaP, 3C-SiC, and ZnS. Furthermore, it can be generalized to other crystalline materials showing the Pockels effect. The method can be used to probe the space charge and the electric field in several kinds of electronic components and devices, as well as provide useful data on the role of defects, contact configurations and other surface and bulk inhomogeneities in the material that can affect the distribution of the internal electric field.

Sampling and analysis of the air-water interface with SEM and EDS of microlayers

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1004-1005
Author(s):  
Randall W. Smith ◽  
John Dash
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Surface Microlayer ◽  
Surface Films ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis ◽  
Eds Analysis ◽  
Air Water Interface ◽  
Significant Area ◽  
Bulk Chemical

The structure of the air-water interface forms a boundary layer that involves biological ,chemical geological and physical processes in its formation. Freshwater and sea surface microlayers form at the air-water interface and include a diverse assemblage of organic matter, detritus, microorganisms, plankton and heavy metals. The sampling of microlayers and the examination of components is presently a significant area of study because of the input of anthropogenic materials and their accumulation at the air-water interface. The neustonic organisms present in this environment may be sensitive to the toxic components of these inputs. Hardy reports that over 20 different methods have been developed for sampling of microlayers, primarily for bulk chemical analysis. We report here the examination of microlayer films for the documentation of structure and composition.Baier and Gucinski reported the use of Langmuir-Blogett films obtained on germanium prisms for infrared spectroscopic analysis (IR-ATR) of components. The sampling of microlayers has been done by collecting fi1ms on glass plates and teflon drums, We found that microlayers could be collected on 11 mm glass cover slips by pulling a Langmuir-Blogett film from a surface microlayer. Comparative collections were made on methylcel1ulose filter pads. The films could be air-dried or preserved in Lugol's Iodine Several slicks or surface films were sampled in September, 1987 in Chesapeake Bay, Maryland and in August, 1988 in Sequim Bay, Washington, For glass coverslips the films were air-dried, mounted on SEM pegs, ringed with colloidal silver, and sputter coated with Au-Pd, The Langmuir-Blogett film technique maintained the structure of the microlayer intact for examination, SEM observation and EDS analysis were then used to determine organisms and relative concentrations of heavy metals, using a Link AN 10000 EDS system with an ISI SS40 SEM unit. Typical heavy microlayer films are shown in Figure 3.

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