Transition probabilities of normal states determine the Jordan structure of a quantum system

According to monetarism, the money supply is the leading cause of increasing price level in the short and long run. Previous works investigated the effect of money supply on inflation in several countries; however, inconsistent arguments from these studies resulted in the exploration of the correlations between money supply and inflation via a different approach in this work. This study investigates the broad money supply and consumer price index (CPI) using the Markov switching vector autoregressive model. The CPI, with 2010 as its base year, was used as a proxy for Malaysia's inflation. The broad money supply is defined as the sum of money and quasi-money. Other countries use different measurements; therefore, M3 was selected based on the monetary authority measurement of the money supply in this study. The transition probabilities and expected duration of the recession and upturn/normal states were examined using a two-regime switching VAR model. Furthermore, the Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, Johansen cointegration, and intercept adjusted MS-VAR model with the first-order Markov process was also used in this study to estimate the observables variables. The results confirmed significant transition probabilities in the state shifting and an asymmetric economic model representing broad money and inflation correlations in Malaysia. Keywords: Broad Money; Consumer Price Index, Malaysia, Regime Switching, MS-VAR

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Transition probabilities in the two-level quantum system with PT-symmetric non-Hermitian Hamiltonians

Journal of Mathematical Physics ◽

10.1063/5.0002958 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 61 (5) ◽

pp. 052104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tommy Ohlsson ◽

Shun Zhou

Keyword(s):

Quantum System ◽

Transition Probabilities

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EELS white line intensities calculated for the 3d and 4d metals

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100153919 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 388-389

Author(s):

C. C. Ahn ◽

D. H. Pearson ◽

P. Rez ◽

B. Fultz

Keyword(s):

Experimental Data ◽

Line Intensity ◽

Transition Probabilities ◽

Initial Increase ◽

White Line ◽

Hartree Fock ◽

Line Intensities ◽

Integrated Intensity ◽

X Ray Absorption ◽

The Continuum

Previous experimental measurements of the total white line intensities from L2,3 energy loss spectra of 3d transition metals reported a linear dependence of the white line intensity on 3d occupancy. These results are inconsistent, however, with behavior inferred from relativistic one electron Dirac-Fock calculations, which show an initial increase followed by a decrease of total white line intensity across the 3d series. This inconsistency with experimental data is especially puzzling in light of work by Thole, et al., which successfully calculates x-ray absorption spectra of the lanthanide M4,5 white lines by employing a less rigorous Hartree-Fock calculation with relativistic corrections based on the work of Cowan. When restricted to transitions allowed by dipole selection rules, the calculated spectra of the lanthanide M4,5 white lines show a decreasing intensity as a function of Z that was consistent with the available experimental data.Here we report the results of Dirac-Fock calculations of the L2,3 white lines of the 3d and 4d elements, and compare the results to the experimental work of Pearson et al. In a previous study, similar calculations helped to account for the non-statistical behavior of L3/L2 ratios of the 3d metals. We assumed that all metals had a single 4s electron. Because these calculations provide absolute transition probabilities, to compare the calculated white line intensities to the experimental data, we normalized the calculated intensities to the intensity of the continuum above the L3 edges. The continuum intensity was obtained by Hartree-Slater calculations, and the normalization factor for the white line intensities was the integrated intensity in an energy window of fixed width and position above the L3 edge of each element.

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